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Insects
Volume 15
Issue 11
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Insects, Volume 15, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 85 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is a new invasive species in the United States of medical and veterinary importance. Control of the tick relies on a limited number of chemical pesticides, promoting the evolution of tick resistance. The discovery of a new control agent is critical. A natural silicon oxide found in the skeleton of diatoms, diatomaceous earth (DE), killed longhorned tick nymphs in as little as 2.5 h even at high relative humidity. In semi-field studies, a dose of 5.0 g DE/m2 (used for another mineral that mimics DE for inside homes in Africa to kill mosquitoes) killed 100% of longhorned nymphs in 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy studies suggested an unexpected, different mode of action than what is known for insects. View this paper
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15 pages, 1947 KiB  
Article
Toxicity of Eight Insecticides on Drosophila suzukii and Its Pupal Parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae
by Huanhuan Gao, Yan Wang, Peng Chen, Ansheng Zhang, Xianhong Zhou and Qianying Zhuang
Insects 2024, 15(11), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110910 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 649
Abstract
The pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) has been evaluated as a biological agent of Drosophila suzukii. Integrated pest management strategies mostly rely on combined application of multiple insecticides and natural enemies. This study assessed the toxicity of eight common insecticides against [...] Read more.
The pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) has been evaluated as a biological agent of Drosophila suzukii. Integrated pest management strategies mostly rely on combined application of multiple insecticides and natural enemies. This study assessed the toxicity of eight common insecticides against D. suzukii in fruit orchards and the effects of semilethal and sublethal doses on T. drosophilae. The eight insecticides had higher toxicities to D. suzukii larvae with lower LC50 values than those for adults. Adults and larvae showed high susceptibility to emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and sophocarpidine. The median lethal doses (LC50) of lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid to T. drosophilae adults were 60.41 mg/L and 100.58 mg/L, higher than the toxicities of the other six insecticides. Applying chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, sophocarpidine, abamectin, azadirachtin, and spinetoram resulted in low toxicity to D. suzukii pupae. However, the exposure of D. suzukii pupae or larvae to these insecticides at semilethal and sublethal doses decreased the parasitism or eclosion rate of T. drosophilae. These results improve our understanding of the effects of insecticide residues on T. drosophilae development and provide a basis for the combined use of chemical and biological options for managing D. suzukii. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Insect Chemical Adaptation)
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15 pages, 2399 KiB  
Article
Blue Vane and Pan Traps Are More Effective for Profiling Multiple Facets of Bee Diversity in Subtropical Forests
by Ting-Ting Xie, Ming-Qiang Wang, Yi Li, Cheng-Yong Su, Dan Zhang, Qing-Song Zhou, Ze-Qing Niu, Feng Yuan, Xiu-Wei Liu, Ke-Ping Ma, Chao-Dong Zhu, Jia-Sheng Hao and Douglas Chesters
Insects 2024, 15(11), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110909 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 836
Abstract
The choice of trap in entomological surveys affects the composition of captured insects, though previous comparative studies have been limited in the types of composition measured, and the effects of environmental context. We assessed the sampling bias of several traps commonly used in [...] Read more.
The choice of trap in entomological surveys affects the composition of captured insects, though previous comparative studies have been limited in the types of composition measured, and the effects of environmental context. We assessed the sampling bias of several traps commonly used in pollinator monitoring: blue, yellow, and white pan traps, and blue vane traps, towards different taxonomic and functional groups and their efficiency in measuring taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Analyses were performed in monoculture and mixed forests to understand the environmental context of trap efficiency. We found that blue pan traps generally outperformed other types in bee capture and exhibited a preference for Halictidae bees. Blue pan traps yielded the highest species richness and phylogenetic diversity, while blue vane traps captured the highest functional richness. Bias differences were frequently detected in mixed forests compared with monoculture forests. We also found the combination of blue vane and pan traps consistently correlated highest with a complete survey among two-method combinations. Based on our findings, we recommend a combination of blue vane and pan traps to obtain a more comprehensive bee collection in an efficient manner. Additionally, it is crucial to consider habitat type when designing bee trapping protocols to ensure an accurate representation of bee communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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23 pages, 2426 KiB  
Review
Biorefinery and Bioremediation Strategies for Efficient Management of Recalcitrant Pollutants Using Termites as an Obscure yet Promising Source of Bacterial Gut Symbionts: A Review
by Rongrong Xie, Blessing Danso, Jianzhong Sun, Majid Al-Zahrani, Mudasir A. Dar, Rania Al-Tohamy and Sameh S. Ali
Insects 2024, 15(11), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110908 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 743
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) in the form of agricultural, forestry, and agro-industrial wastes is globally generated in large volumes every year. The chemical components of LCB render them a substrate valuable for biofuel production. It is hard to dissolve LCB resources for biofuel production [...] Read more.
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) in the form of agricultural, forestry, and agro-industrial wastes is globally generated in large volumes every year. The chemical components of LCB render them a substrate valuable for biofuel production. It is hard to dissolve LCB resources for biofuel production because the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose parts stick together rigidly. This makes the structure complex, hierarchical, and resistant. Owing to these restrictions, the junk production of LCB waste has recently become a significant worldwide environmental problem resulting from inefficient disposal techniques and increased persistence. In addition, burning LCB waste, such as paddy straws, is a widespread practice that causes considerable air pollution and endangers the environment and human existence. Besides environmental pollution from LCB waste, increasing industrialization has resulted in the production of billions of tons of dyeing wastewater from several industries, including textiles, pharmaceuticals, tanneries, and food processing units. The massive use of synthetic dyes in various industries can be detrimental to the environment due to the recalcitrant aromatic structure of synthetic dyes, similar to the polymeric phenol lignin in LCB structure, and their persistent color. Synthetic dyes have been described as possessing carcinogenic and toxic properties that could be harmful to public health. Environmental pollution emanating from LCB wastes and dyeing wastewater is of great concern and should be carefully handled to mitigate its catastrophic effects. An effective strategy to curtail these problems is to learn from analogous systems in nature, such as termites, where woody lignocellulose is digested by wood-feeding termites and humus-recalcitrant aromatic compounds are decomposed by soil-feeding termites. The termite gut system acts as a unique bioresource consisting of distinct bacterial species valued for the processing of lignocellulosic materials and the degradation of synthetic dyes, which can be integrated into modern biorefineries for processing LCB waste and bioremediation applications for the treatment of dyeing wastewaters to help resolve environmental issues arising from LCB waste and dyeing wastewaters. This review paper provides a new strategy for efficient management of recalcitrant pollutants by exploring the potential application of termite gut bacteria in biorefinery and bioremediation processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecologically Important Symbioses in Insects)
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15 pages, 3044 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Different Mode of Action Insecticides for the Control of Bemisia tabaci; Enhancement of Pesticide Efficacy
by Jackie Dunn, Debbie Ann Collins and Neil Audsley
Insects 2024, 15(11), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110907 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 650
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a major pest worldwide, causing damage to a vast range of plants through its feeding on phloem sap and its vectoring of >100 plant viruses. Although not established in the UK, it is regularly introduced on planting material, which [...] Read more.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a major pest worldwide, causing damage to a vast range of plants through its feeding on phloem sap and its vectoring of >100 plant viruses. Although not established in the UK, it is regularly introduced on planting material, which poses a significant plant health risk. Restrictions on pesticide use and increasing resistance to available active ingredients limit options for effective control of potential outbreaks. Alternative management options are required to mitigate this risk. There was high variability in the efficacy of the different modes of action products tested against two life stages (adults and larvae) as well as the Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species of B. tabaci. For both adults and larvae, MEAM1 were more susceptible than MED insects, possibly due to differences in resistance developed against some active ingredients. All products tested were effective to varying degrees against MEAM1 adults with Tracer (spinosad), PREV-AM (orange oil), Sequoia (sulfoxaflor), and FLiPPER (fatty acids) having similar efficacies (59–78% mortality). In contrast, PREV-AM and FLiPPER were most effective against MED adults (74% and 65% mortalities, respectively). Both MED and MEAM1 larvae were highly susceptible to FLiPPER and PREV-AM (>95% mortality), and the efficacy of Tracer and FLiPPER can be enhanced by using in combination with PREV-AM, and this can be achieved by using low doses of each product. Synergy was measured between PREV-AM and Tracer against MEAM1 larvae, which has the potential to provide effective control with a reduced pesticide application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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12 pages, 939 KiB  
Article
Molecular Diversity and Distribution of Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in Cassava Fields Across South West and North Central, Nigeria
by Oghenevwairhe P. Efekemo, Olabode A. Onile-ere, Isaac O. Abegunde, Folashade T. Otitolaye, Justin S. Pita, Titus Alicai and Angela O. Eni
Insects 2024, 15(11), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110906 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 686
Abstract
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadium, Hemiptera) causes severe damage to cassava plants through excessive feeding on leaves and transmitting viruses, such as African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and ipomoviruses that cause cassava brown streak disease. Currently, little is [...] Read more.
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadium, Hemiptera) causes severe damage to cassava plants through excessive feeding on leaves and transmitting viruses, such as African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), and ipomoviruses that cause cassava brown streak disease. Currently, little is known about the molecular diversity and distribution of whitefly species in the major cassava-growing zones of Nigeria. This study aimed to address the knowledge gap by assessing the genetic diversity, distribution, and associated cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) in whiteflies across South West and North Central, Nigeria. Whitefly samples were systematically collected from cassava plants during georeferenced epidemiological surveys in 2017, 2020, and 2022. The samples were genotyped using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) marker, and CMBs were detected by PCR with virus-specific primers. Phylogenetic analyses revealed four distinct genetic groups of B. tabaci: Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1; 84.8%), SSA2 (1.4%), SSA3 (13.1%), and Mediterranean (MED) (0.7%). The SSA1 group was the predominant and most widely distributed genotype across the surveyed zones, with three subgroups identified: SSA1-SG1, SSA1-SG3, and SSA1-SG5. The second most frequently identified genotype, SSA3, was restricted to the North Central zone, along with the SSA2 group, which was only identified in two North Central states (Niger and Plateau). African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) was detected in SSA1-SG1, SSA1-SG5, and SSA3, whereas EACMV was found in only the SSA1-SG3. The findings of this study will aid in developing better whitefly management strategies to reduce the impact of CMD on cassava production in Nigeria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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17 pages, 4216 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Influence of Different Artificial Diets on Apis mellifera L. Using Health Biomarkers and Performance Metrics
by Shams Ul Islam, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel, Muhammad Usman Yousuf, Asim Abbasi, Muhammad Yasin, Rashid Iqbal, Muhammad Fahim Raza, Aqsa Parvaiz and Nazih Y. Rebouh
Insects 2024, 15(11), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110905 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 687
Abstract
The diet of Apis mellifera L. is a crucial factor for managing its colonies particularly during dearth periods. Numerous diets have been developed; however, their global implementation faces challenges due to diverse climatic conditions and some other factors. To address this issue, three [...] Read more.
The diet of Apis mellifera L. is a crucial factor for managing its colonies particularly during dearth periods. Numerous diets have been developed; however, their global implementation faces challenges due to diverse climatic conditions and some other factors. To address this issue, three previously evaluated diets (selected from seven) were tested to assess their effects on A. mellifera using key health biomarkers (immune function, stress response) and performance metrics (foraging activity, honey quality, and social interactions). The experiment was conducted using 12 colonies, including three replications, in The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, from June to September 2023. The results revealed that all the tested parameters were significantly affected by diets. Highest phenol-oxidase activity was recorded in T1 (28.7 U/mg). Heat shock protein (HSP) bands showed that T1 had the fewest (Hsp70), while T0 had more bands (Hsp40, Hsp60, and Hsp70), indicating stress differences. In foraging activity, average number of outgoing bees were highest in T1 (81.8) and lowest in T0 (31.2) and similar trend was followed for returning bees, i.e., T1 (81.8) and T0 (31.2). For pollen-carrying bees, the highest bees were counted in T1 (34.9), and the lowest in T0 (4.10). Honey quality was also significantly affected by diets, pH was highest in T1 (3.85), while moisture was highest in T0 (19.44%). Diastase activity, ash content, and electrical conductivity were best in T1 (13.74 units/g, 0.17%, 0.94 mS/cm, respectively). Mineral content was highest in T1 (406.54 mg/kg), and fructose content also peaked in T1 (396.21 mg/kg). Antioxidant contents, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and ORAC value were highest in T1 (60.50 mg GAE/100 g, 44.41 mg QE/100 g, 10,237.30 µmol TE/g), while T0 consistently showed the lowest values across all parameters. In social interaction experiments, trophallaxis events were most frequent in T1 (7.38), and T1 also exhibited the longest trophallaxis time (5.51 s). The number of bees per trophallaxis event and antennation frequency followed a similar trend, with the highest recorded in T1 (5.16 bees/event, 10.1 antennation frequency) and the lowest in T0 (2.94 bees/event, 4.18 antennation frequency). Therefore, diet-1 (Watermelon juice 20 mL + Fenugreek powder 2 g + Chickpea flour 20 g + Lupin flour 20 g + Mung bean flour 20 g + Yeast 10 g + Powdered sugar 40 g + vegetable oil 10 mL) is recommended as a suitable substitute for managing A. mellifera colonies during dearth periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Science of Insect Rearing Systems)
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25 pages, 6430 KiB  
Article
Diptera Dwelling Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitats in an Alpine Floodplain (Amola Glacier, Italian Alps)
by Daniele Avesani, Davide Frizzera, Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Daniele Birtele and Valeria Lencioni
Insects 2024, 15(11), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110904 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 624
Abstract
Among flying insects, Diptera were the main visitors and colonisers of aquatic and terrestrial habitats in an Alpine glacial floodplain (NE Italy) at 2400 m a.s.l. In all, 4317 dipteran adults were collected using different collection techniques in, on, and out of the [...] Read more.
Among flying insects, Diptera were the main visitors and colonisers of aquatic and terrestrial habitats in an Alpine glacial floodplain (NE Italy) at 2400 m a.s.l. In all, 4317 dipteran adults were collected using different collection techniques in, on, and out of the water: pond and drift nets, and emergence and Malaise traps, with a different periodicity: biweekly and every three hours for four consecutive days, in early and late summer 2015. Thirty-eight families in all, and 56 species within seven Brachycera families, were identified. Specifically, Chironomidae (36%) within Nematocera and Empidoidea families (23%), and Muscidae (9%) within Brachycera, prevailed. Chironomidae seemed to emerge and fly mainly in late morning–early afternoon, while most Brachycera were more active in late afternoon. Some ecological notes are given for seven Brachycera families, including Muscidae as the predominant family of anthophilous dipterans and the most efficient pollinators in mountain habitats and in the deglaciated areas of the proglacial forelands. Three genera of Muscidae were found as the main representatives of these environments: Thricops Rondani, Spilogona Schnabl, and Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy). Among these genera, noteworthy was the finding of Spilogona triangulifera (Zetterstedt) as being new to the Italian fauna. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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13 pages, 3456 KiB  
Brief Report
Microorganism Diversity Found in Blatta orientalis L. (Blattodea: Blattidae) Cuticle and Gut Collected in Urban Environments
by Constanza Schapheer, Luciano Matías González and Cristian Villagra
Insects 2024, 15(11), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110903 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 651
Abstract
Pest cockroaches share urban habitats with us; their prevalence in urban areas prompts concerns regarding their effect on human health, as synanthropic cockroaches often host pathogenic microorganisms. Nonetheless, microbial associates in these insects can also be related to their biology, contributing to their [...] Read more.
Pest cockroaches share urban habitats with us; their prevalence in urban areas prompts concerns regarding their effect on human health, as synanthropic cockroaches often host pathogenic microorganisms. Nonetheless, microbial associates in these insects can also be related to their biology, contributing to their physiological homeostasis and reproductive success. In this article, we present in detail, for the first time, the bacterial community associated with the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis, one of the world’s five most prominent pest cockroaches. We report the composition of the communities of bacteria found over the exoskeleton and inside the gut of this global pest. We collected B. orientalis in Santiago, Chile’s capital city, and the urban nucleus in this country. We conducted DNA extractions and metabarcoding analysis. We found diverse bacterial lineages, including mutualist symbiotic strains, and microorganisms considered pathogenic to humans. We also analyzed the metabolic functions of the bacterial communities identified and discussed the role of B. orientalis as a reservoir and vector of pathogens in urban areas. We discuss to what extent the diversity of functions of the microbial community associated with cockroaches may contribute to emergent properties enabling these insects to inhabit human-modified habitats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Close Enemy: Urban Integrated Pest Management)
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14 pages, 2800 KiB  
Article
Envenomation with Snake Venoms as a Cause of Death: A Forensic Investigation of the Decomposition Stages and the Impact on Differential Succession Pattern of Carcass-Attracted Coleopteran Beetles
by Abdelwahab Khalil, Abeer M. Salem, El-Sayed H. Shaurub, Ashraf M. Ahmed, Areej A. Al-Khalaf and Mahmoud M. Zidan
Insects 2024, 15(11), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110902 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 645
Abstract
Background: Coleoptera is the second-most significant insect group associated with decomposing carcasses, yet its role in the decomposition process and postmortem colonization following envenomation is poorly understood. Purpose of the Study: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the venoms from Cerastes [...] Read more.
Background: Coleoptera is the second-most significant insect group associated with decomposing carcasses, yet its role in the decomposition process and postmortem colonization following envenomation is poorly understood. Purpose of the Study: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the venoms from Cerastes cerastes and Naja haje on the decomposition of rabbit carcasses while evaluating the main beetle taxa attracted to these decaying remains. Methods: Three groups of rabbits, each with five individuals, were utilized. The first group was injected with the venom of Cerastes cerastes, the second with Naja haje venom, and the control group received 0.85% physiological saline before euthanasia with CO2. Results: Four decomposition stages (fresh, bloating, decay, and dry) with durations varying based on venom type and carcass condition were observed. A total of 647 individual beetles of six species (Necrobia rufipes, Attagenus sp., Dermestes frischii, D. maculatus, Bledius sp., and Apentanodes sp.) belonging to four families (Cleridae, Dermestidae, Staphylinidae, and Tenebrionidae) were collected and identified. D. maculatus was the most abundant species. Fewer beetles were attracted to carcasses envenomed with N. haje compared to the other groups. Conclusions: Envenomation by snake venom influences the attraction and succession rate of necrophilous coleopterans to carcasses, which is important for forensic investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)
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14 pages, 2557 KiB  
Article
Predicted Spatial Patterns of Suitable Habitats for Troides aeacus Under Different Climate Scenarios
by Biyu Liu, Xinqi Deng, Zhiqian Liu, Xinju Wei, Honghua Zhang, Danping Xu and Zhihang Zhuo
Insects 2024, 15(11), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110901 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 554
Abstract
Troides aeacus is the largest butterfly in China and is highly valued for its ornamental beauty. Due to T. aeacus being classified as a national second-class protected species in China, studying its spatial distribution is crucial for developing effective conservation measures. In this [...] Read more.
Troides aeacus is the largest butterfly in China and is highly valued for its ornamental beauty. Due to T. aeacus being classified as a national second-class protected species in China, studying its spatial distribution is crucial for developing effective conservation measures. In this study, a total of 490 distribution points were obtained, and the potential distribution areas of the golden-sheathed T. aeacus were analyzed by using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) based on three different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, namely, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, in combination with nine important environmental variables. The results indicate that temperature and precipitation are the primary environmental factors influencing the suitable habitat of T. aeacus, with key variables including the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), temperature annual range (bio7), mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10), annual precipitation (bio12), precipitation of the coldest quarter (bio19), and slope. The height distribution of T. aeacus in my country is in the area south of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains, with a total area of 270.96 × 104 km2, accounting for 28.23% of the total area of China. According to future climate change conditions, as climate warming progresses, both low- and high-suitability areas show an expansion trend in most scenarios, particularly under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, where highly suitable areas increase significantly while moderately suitable areas gradually shrink. To address future climate change, conservation strategies should focus on protecting highly suitable areas and strengthening the management of marginal habitats to enhance the adaptability and survival chances of T. aeacus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Butterfly Diversity and Conservation)
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12 pages, 5757 KiB  
Article
Toxicity of Flonicamid to Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and Its Identification and Expression of Kir Channel Genes
by Jiangyue Zhu, Xinjing Wang, Yunfei Mo, Beibei Wu, Tuyong Yi and Zhongxia Yang
Insects 2024, 15(11), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110900 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 560
Abstract
Flonicamid is a selective insecticide effective against piercing–sucking insects. Although its molecular target has been identified in other species, the specific effects and detailed mechanism of action in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama remain poorly understood. In this study, we determined that the LC50 [...] Read more.
Flonicamid is a selective insecticide effective against piercing–sucking insects. Although its molecular target has been identified in other species, the specific effects and detailed mechanism of action in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama remain poorly understood. In this study, we determined that the LC50 of flonicamid for D. citri adults was 16.6 mg AI L−1 after 4 days of exposure. To explore the relevant mechanisms, the treatments with acetone and with 20 mg AI L−1 flonicamid for 96 h were collected as samples for RNA-Seq. The analysis of the transcriptomes revealed 345 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in D. citri adults subjected to different treatments. Among these DEGs, we focused on the inward-rectifying potassium (Kir) channel genes, which have been extensively studied as potential targets of flonicamid. Three Kir subunit genes (Dckir1, Dckir2, Dckir3) in D. citri were successfully cloned and identified. Furthermore, the expression profiles of these DcKirs were investigated using RT-qPCR and showed that their expression significantly increased after D. citri eclosion to adulthood, particularly for DcKir3. The DcKirs were predominantly expressed in gut tissues, with DcKir1 and DcKir2 exhibiting high expression levels in the hindgut and midgut, respectively, while DcKir3 showing high expression in the midgut and Malpighian tubules. This study provides insights into the potential roles of Kir subunits in D. citri and enhances our understanding of the physiological effects of flonicamid in this pest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environment and Food Stress on Insect Population)
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10 pages, 4714 KiB  
Article
Attacks of Kalotermes flavicollis Fabricius (1793) and Associated Aspergillus Micheli ex Haller (1768) Species
by Giulia Mirabile, Livio Torta, Marika Lamendola, Maria Concetta Rizzo and Barbara Manachini
Insects 2024, 15(11), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110899 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 467
Abstract
The yellow-necked dry-wood termite Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabricius, 1793) (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae) is an important pest that infests wood in Europe. An increase in attacks by K. flavicollis has been seen in buildings and in churches in Palermo (Italy), with attacks on both structural elements [...] Read more.
The yellow-necked dry-wood termite Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabricius, 1793) (Blattodea: Kalotermitidae) is an important pest that infests wood in Europe. An increase in attacks by K. flavicollis has been seen in buildings and in churches in Palermo (Italy), with attacks on both structural elements and artefacts. Future climate changes are expected to lead to increasing temperatures, which will probably affect the pest status of this species, which is difficult to control. In this context, it is important to identify potential natural antagonists of K. flavicollis. During a survey of the K. flavicollis population, several dead individuals with evident fungal efflorescence were found. Therefore, a study aimed at the isolation and identification of these microorganisms was conducted. Fungal colonies isolated from mycelial structures grown on insects were identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA profiling. Three different species were identified: Aspergillus nomius, A. subramanianii, and A. tamarii. This is the first time that fungi have been recorded in association with the yellow-necked dry-wood termite and, in addition, this study reports the first association of A. subramanianii with Isoptera. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Close Enemy: Urban Integrated Pest Management)
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13 pages, 1823 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Potential of X-Ray-Based Cancer Treatment Equipment for the Sterile Insect Technique in Aedes aegypti Control Programs
by Linmin Wang, Tingting Liu, Liang Xiao, Haiting Zhang, Cunchen Wang, Weixian Zhang, Mao Zhang, Ying Wang and Shengqun Deng
Insects 2024, 15(11), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110898 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 735
Abstract
The sterile insect technique (SIT) stands as an eco-friendly approach for mosquito control, but it is impeded by the limited availability of γ-ray radiation source. This research sought to investigate a different radiation source—the Varian Clinac 23EX linear accelerator, which is frequently used [...] Read more.
The sterile insect technique (SIT) stands as an eco-friendly approach for mosquito control, but it is impeded by the limited availability of γ-ray radiation source. This research sought to investigate a different radiation source—the Varian Clinac 23EX linear accelerator, which is frequently used for X-ray therapy in cancer treatment. Evaluation parameters including emergence rate, average survival time, induced sterility (IS), male mating competitiveness of irradiated males and fecundity (the number of eggs per female per batch), and the egg hatch rate of females mated with irradiated males were assessed to gauge the application potential of this cancer treatment equipment in the realm of the SIT. The results indicated that X-rays from radiation therapy equipment can effectively suppress the hatch rate of offspring mosquitoes without adversely affecting the emergence rate of irradiated males or the fecundity of females. In addition, at an X-ray dose of 60 Gy, the induced sterility in Ae. aegypti was comparable to the sterility induced by 40 Gy of γ-rays with both treatments resulting in 99.6% sterility. Interestingly, when a release ratio of 7:1 (irradiated males:unirradiated males) was used to competitively mate with females, the IS results resulted by 60 Gy X-rays and 40 Gy γ-rays were still at 70.3% and 73.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the results underscored the potential of the Varian Clinac 23EX linear accelerator as an X-ray source in SIT research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals)
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20 pages, 9002 KiB  
Article
Projecting the Potential Global Distribution of Sweetgum Inscriber, Acanthotomicus suncei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Concerning the Host Liquidambar styraciflua Under Climate Change Scenarios
by Kaitong Xiao, Lei Ling, Ruixiong Deng, Beibei Huang, Yu Cao, Qiang Wu, Hang Ning and Hui Chen
Insects 2024, 15(11), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110897 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
Acanthotomicus suncei is a newly discovered bark beetle in China that significantly threatens the American sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua. In recent years, this pest has spread from its original habitat to many surrounding cities, causing substantial economic and ecological losses. Considering the wide [...] Read more.
Acanthotomicus suncei is a newly discovered bark beetle in China that significantly threatens the American sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua. In recent years, this pest has spread from its original habitat to many surrounding cities, causing substantial economic and ecological losses. Considering the wide global distribution of its host, Liquidambar styraciflua, this pest is likely to continue to spread and expand. Once the pest colonizes a new climatically suitable area, the consequences could be severe. Therefore, we employed the CLIMEX and Random Forests model to predict the potential suitable distribution of A. suncei globally. The results showed that A. suncei was mainly distributed in Southern China, in South Hokkaido in Japan, Southern USA, the La Plata Plain in South America, southeastern Australia, and the northern Mediterranean; these areas are located in subtropical monsoon, monsoonal humid climates, or Mediterranean climate zones. Seasonal rainfall, especially in winter, is a key environmental factor that affects the suitable distribution of A. suncei. Under future climates, the total suitable area of A. suncei is projected to decrease to a certain extent. However, changes in its original habitat require serious attention. We found that A. suncei exhibited a spreading trend in Southwest, Central, and Northeast China. Suitable areas in some countries in Southeast and South Asia bordering China are also expected to show an increased distribution. The outward spread of this pest via sea transportation cannot be ignored. Hence, quarantine efforts should be concentrated in high-suitability regions determined in this study to protect against the occurrence of hosts that may contain A. suncei, thereby avoiding its long-distance spread. Long-term sentinel surveillance and control measures should be carried out as soon as A. suncei is detected, especially in regions with high suitability. Thus, our findings establish a theoretical foundation for quarantine and control measures targeting A. suncei. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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12 pages, 2622 KiB  
Article
A Portable Photocollector for the Field Collection of Insects in Biodiversity Assessment
by Behnam Motamedinia, Sophie Cardinal, Scott Kelso, Carolyn Callaghan, Khorshid Ghahari, John F. Wilmshurst and Jeff Skevington
Insects 2024, 15(11), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110896 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 742
Abstract
Arthropod biodiversity research usually requires large sample collections. The efficient handling of these samples has always been a critical bottleneck. Sweep netting along transects is an effective and commonly used approach to sample diverse insects. However, sweep netting requires the time-consuming task of [...] Read more.
Arthropod biodiversity research usually requires large sample collections. The efficient handling of these samples has always been a critical bottleneck. Sweep netting along transects is an effective and commonly used approach to sample diverse insects. However, sweep netting requires the time-consuming task of sorting insects from the large amounts of debris and foliage that end up in the sweep net along with the insects. To address this, we introduce a robust, portable, and inexpensive photocollector device with an LED light source to extract insects from sweep net samples in a standardized way. Timed field trials tested the photocollector’s efficiency in extracting live insect samples from debris, focusing on Hymenoptera and Diptera. We found that 73% (±13%) of undamaged specimens moved toward the collection bottle within the first hour and 79% (±13%) after four hours. Of the insects failing to move after four hours, most (81%) were damaged and likely unable to move. Accounting only for undamaged specimens, 83% (±11%) moved after 1 h and 90% (±11%) moved after 4 h. We found significant differences in when families of Hymenoptera and Diptera moved. We suggest that the photocollector can be a useful tool in standardized biodiversity assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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15 pages, 5982 KiB  
Article
V-ATPase C Acts as a Receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ab and Enhances Cry2Ab Toxicity to Helicoverpa armigera
by Pin Li, Yuge Zhao, Ningbo Zhang, Xue Yao, Xianchun Li, Mengfang Du, Jizhen Wei and Shiheng An
Insects 2024, 15(11), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110895 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 785
Abstract
Cry2Ab is a significant alternative Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein utilized for managing insect resistance to Cry1 toxins and broadening the insecticidal spectrum of crops containing two or more Bt genes. Unfortunately, the identified receptors fail to fully elucidate the mechanism of [...] Read more.
Cry2Ab is a significant alternative Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein utilized for managing insect resistance to Cry1 toxins and broadening the insecticidal spectrum of crops containing two or more Bt genes. Unfortunately, the identified receptors fail to fully elucidate the mechanism of action underlying Cry2Ab. Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits A, B, and E (V-ATPase A, B, and E) in Bt insecticidal activities. The present study aims to investigate the contribution of V-ATPase C to the toxicities of Cry2Ab against Helicoverpa armigera. The feeding of Cry2Ab in H. armigera larvae resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of V-ATPase C. Further investigations confirmed the interaction between V-ATPase C and activated Cry2Ab protein according to Ligand blot and homologous and heterologous competition assays. Expressing endogenous HaV-ATPase C in Sf9 cells resulted in an increase in Cry2Ab cytotoxicity, while the knockdown of V-ATPase C by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) in midgut cells decreased Cry2Ab cytotoxicity. Importantly, a higher toxicity of the mixture containing Cry2Ab and V-ATPase C against insects was also observed. These findings demonstrate that V-ATPase C acts as a binding receptor for Cry2Ab and is involved in its toxicity to H. armigera. Furthermore, the synergy between V-ATPase C protein and Cry2Ab protoxins provides a potential strategy for enhancing Cry2Ab toxicity or managing insect resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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19 pages, 2661 KiB  
Article
Reproductive and Flight Characteristics of Lymantria xylina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Fuzhou, China
by Jifeng Zhang, Baode Wang, Liqiang Wang, Cheng Zuo, Junnan Li, Yonghong Cui, Xuanye Wen, David Cowan, Songqing Wu, Mengxia Liu, Rong Wang and Feiping Zhang
Insects 2024, 15(11), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110894 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 598
Abstract
The biological characteristics of Lymantria xylina Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a moth that threatens coastal forests in Fuzhou, China, are closely linked to its spread risk. To characterize these traits, we primarily investigated emergence, reproductive, and flight behaviors. Our findings show that females typically [...] Read more.
The biological characteristics of Lymantria xylina Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a moth that threatens coastal forests in Fuzhou, China, are closely linked to its spread risk. To characterize these traits, we primarily investigated emergence, reproductive, and flight behaviors. Our findings show that females typically emerge, mate, and copulate during specific times of day. The peak hours of emergence, courtship, and copulation are 13:00–14:00, 19:00–21:00, and around 0:00, respectively. The starting time of oviposition was concentrated before dawn and during the daytime. They preferentially lay eggs on columnar objects, including artificial ones. On average, females laid 361 eggs, lived for 4.5 days, and weighed 0.74 g. Non-ovipositing females were observed to fly for short distances, especially during the evening. Field observations suggest that these females can potentially travel up to 184.5 m in total and 34.5 m continuously. While this indicates a theoretical risk of long-distance dispersal, our findings suggest that the overall risk is limited. These results contribute to our understanding of the biology and dispersal potential of L. xylina. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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24 pages, 6495 KiB  
Article
Seven New Species of Anastatus Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae) from China Identified Based on Morphological and Molecular Data
by Zongying Wang, Yihang Zhou, Yaxuan Zou, Qifei Liu and Lingfei Peng
Insects 2024, 15(11), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110893 - 15 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 735
Abstract
Anastatus is the second-largest genus in the family Eupelmidae, with 150 species found worldwide and fourteen known species in China. Most species in this genus are the primary parasitoids of insect eggs, particularly those of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, and several species have been [...] Read more.
Anastatus is the second-largest genus in the family Eupelmidae, with 150 species found worldwide and fourteen known species in China. Most species in this genus are the primary parasitoids of insect eggs, particularly those of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, and several species have been used for the biological control of various insect pests. In this paper, seven new species of Anastatus Motschulsky, 1859 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) from China are described, of which A. caeruleus Wang and Peng n. sp. and A. garygibsoni Zhou and Peng n. sp. were reared from the eggs of Tessaratoma papillosa (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae), while A. daiyunensis Wang and Peng n. sp., A. makrysourus Zhou and Peng n. sp., A. polikiarkoudus Wang and Peng n. sp., A. taibaiensis Wang and Peng n. sp., and A. zdenekbouceki Zhou and Peng n. sp. were collected by malaise traps or sweeping. The new species are all described and illustrated based on female specimens, and the key to all 21 Chinese Anastatus species, based on females, is provided. Partial COI sequences of A. caeruleus n. sp., A. garygibsoni n. sp., and A. taibaiensis n. sp. are provided, and a phylogenetic reconstruction based on maximum likelihood analyses, while showing similar results at high taxonomic levels to our morphological feature classification results, provides additional information on the placement of Anastatus at the species level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)
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11 pages, 1029 KiB  
Article
Chasing a Little-Known Fairy Bee (Perdita meconis) in a Dynamic Desert Landscape
by Sarit Chanprame, Colleen Meidt, Terry Griswold, Joseph S. Wilson and Kelsey K. Graham
Insects 2024, 15(11), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110892 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 929
Abstract
It is widely understood that bees play an important role in many different ecosystems, due to the services they provide as pollinators [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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14 pages, 2322 KiB  
Article
RNAi-Mediated FoxO Silencing Inhibits Reproduction in Locusta migratoria
by Jiaying Xu, Zeming Yuan, Huazhang Zhao, Xinru Wu, Nina Cai, Tingting Ma, Bin Tang, Gongxing Chen and Shigui Wang
Insects 2024, 15(11), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110891 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 684
Abstract
FoxO is a downstream target gene of cellular nutrient and growth factors, oxidative stress responses, and insulin signaling pathways. It play a crucial role in insect growth, development, and reproduction. Locusta migratoria is a significant agricultural pest; therefore, the identification of novel control [...] Read more.
FoxO is a downstream target gene of cellular nutrient and growth factors, oxidative stress responses, and insulin signaling pathways. It play a crucial role in insect growth, development, and reproduction. Locusta migratoria is a significant agricultural pest; therefore, the identification of novel control targets for its management is of significant importance. After injecting dsRNA to interfere with FoxO expression, we observed changes in the reproduction-related gene expression and ovary development through RT-qPCR and morphological observation. Simultaneously, the trehalose and glycogen contents were measured following RNAi. The results demonstrate that interference with FoxO significantly downregulates key genes in the Hippo pathway and Notch gene expression. In terms of carbohydrate metabolism, the trehalose content decreases significantly while the glycogen content increases markedly after FoxO silencing. Additionally, FoxO silencing considerably inhibits reproductive-related gene expression, resulting in delayed ovarian development. These findings indicate that FoxO regulates L. migratoria reproduction through the Hippo signaling pathway: when impaired, the reproductive capacity function declines. In addition, FoxO-mediated energy mobilization is involved in the regulation of egg production. These results indicate that the RNAi of FoxO may be a useful control strategy against L. migratoria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)
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20 pages, 726 KiB  
Article
Influence of Insect-Based Diets on Rural Leisure, Tourism, and Public Consumption—A Case Study from Yunnan, China
by Hsiao-Hsien Lin, Qi-Yuan Li, Ming-Hui Wang, Zhong-Xuan Jin, Chih-Chien Shen and Gan-Hong Chen
Insects 2024, 15(11), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110890 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1387
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of insect-based diets on rural leisure activities, tourism, and consumption. A questionnaire survey was conducted, with 900 valid samples being obtained. The collected data were then analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis, a t-test, and a Pearson’s product-moment [...] Read more.
This study analyzed the effects of insect-based diets on rural leisure activities, tourism, and consumption. A questionnaire survey was conducted, with 900 valid samples being obtained. The collected data were then analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis, a t-test, and a Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient test by using the SPSS 26.0 statistical software. Subsequently, semistructured interviews were conducted to collect expert and public opinions on the analysis results. Finally, literature findings and the collected questionnaire and interview data were reviewed through multivariate validation analysis. According to the results, the public agrees that entomophagy culture and insect cuisine can enhance leisure and tourism appeal. Entomophagy culture can also stimulate rural economic, social, and environmental development as well as rural consumption. However, modern public infrastructure and medical facilities are still required to increase tourism accessibility. Local governments must improve public sanitation, moral standards, and the overall quality of tourism and living environments. They must also attract corporate investment and cultivate entrepreneurship among residents to develop new insect-based tourism and leisure activities, food, and products. These measures can enhance the influence of insects on the sustainable development of leisure activities, tourism, and economies in rural regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects and Their Derivatives for Human Practical Uses 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 1865 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Host Plants of Dusky Cotton Bug, Oxycarenus laetus, Kirby 1891 at Different Climatic Zones of Sindh, Pakistan
by Muhammad Mithal Rind, Hakim Ali Sahito and Gregorio Vono
Insects 2024, 15(11), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110889 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 666
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the host plants of the Dusky Cotton Bug (Oxycarenus laetus), in various agro-ecological zones of Sindh, Pakistan, 2019. Samples were collected bi-weekly within 20 km of the Cotton Agriculture Research Station in each district of Sindh. [...] Read more.
The study aimed to identify the host plants of the Dusky Cotton Bug (Oxycarenus laetus), in various agro-ecological zones of Sindh, Pakistan, 2019. Samples were collected bi-weekly within 20 km of the Cotton Agriculture Research Station in each district of Sindh. The pest population is categorized into three levels: below 25; 25 to 49 and 50 or more adults and nymphs. The study identified approximately 63 host plants across 31 families. The highest overall mean of pest populations was recorded on Ladyfinger (Okra), with 51.75 ± 8.15 bugs per shoot at Kotdiji and 53.71 ± 4.68 per shoot at Sakrand, both in the Malvaceae family. A high overall mean of populations was also observed on Mango (Anacardiaceae) with 51.65 ± 11.99 bugs per shoot at Kotdiji and 46.42 ± 5.84 per shoot at Sakrand on Orange (Rutaceae) with 42.07 ± 8.93 bugs per shoot at Kotdiji and 45.17 ± 4.11 per shoot at Sakrand, and on Eucalyptus and Guava (Myrtaceae) with 29.75 ± 6.76 per shoot at Kotdiji and 26.53 ± 3.71 per shoot at Tandojam, respectively. Additionally, the pest was found on Jujube (Rhamnaceae) with an overall mean population of 26.92 ± 3.52 per shoot at Sakrand The results indicate that the Dusky cotton Bug is most active at the end of summer and the beginning of winter, preferring high-opened cotton bolls during period of slightly lower temperatures and humidity for overwintering from December to March on seed-producing host plants. These findings are crucial for understanding the host plant preferences of the Dusky Cotton Bug, and for implementing effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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16 pages, 4142 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Global Climate Warming on the Developmental Parameters of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
by Zhiqian Liu, Biyu Liu, Huan Yu, Honghua Zhang, Zhipeng He and Zhihang Zhuo
Insects 2024, 15(11), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110888 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) is a significant global agricultural pest, particularly posing a major threat during the boll-forming stage of cotton. In recent years, the severity of its damage has increased markedly, and its population dynamics and biological characteristics may be profoundly affected [...] Read more.
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) is a significant global agricultural pest, particularly posing a major threat during the boll-forming stage of cotton. In recent years, the severity of its damage has increased markedly, and its population dynamics and biological characteristics may be profoundly affected by global climate change. This study conducted a systematic meta-analysis to evaluate the life history traits of H. armigera under conditions of rising global temperatures, different photoperiods, and humidity levels. A comprehensive analysis of 26 related studies revealed that different developmental stages of H. armigera have distinct temperature requirements. When the temperature is within an optimal range (32 °C to 35 °C), the development rate of H. armigera accelerates, the life cycle shortens, and the reproductive capacity of female moths increases. However, when the temperature exceeds 35 °C, development slows, mortality rates increase, and the oviposition of female moths decreases significantly, indicating a negative impact of high temperatures on growth and reproduction. Overall, as the temperature rises above 20 °C, various physiological indicators of H. armigera significantly improve, and at 32 °C, the larval development period and overall life cycle reach their shortest duration. This meta-analysis provides new insights into the biological responses of H. armigera in the context of climate change and offers a scientific basis for future control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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17 pages, 2598 KiB  
Article
Bridging Knowledge and Data Gaps in Odonata Rarity: A South Korean Case Study Using Multispecies Occupancy Models and the Rabinowitz Framework
by Sungsoo Yoon and Wanmo Kang
Insects 2024, 15(11), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110887 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Accurate assessment of species rarity and conservation status requires an approach that integrates data-driven models with established ecological knowledge. In this study, we applied multispecies occupancy (MSO) and latent factor multispecies occupancy (LFMSO) models to estimate the occurrence of 133 Odonata species in [...] Read more.
Accurate assessment of species rarity and conservation status requires an approach that integrates data-driven models with established ecological knowledge. In this study, we applied multispecies occupancy (MSO) and latent factor multispecies occupancy (LFMSO) models to estimate the occurrence of 133 Odonata species in South Korea. Using the model outputs, we implemented the Rabinowitz rarity framework to conduct data-based rarity assessments, which were then compared with known ecological information, including geographic ranges, habitat preferences, regional Red List statuses, and citizen science observations. Our findings reveal both alignments and discrepancies between these data-driven rarity assessments and traditional ecological knowledge. For example, species classified as near threatened (NT) or vulnerable (VU) on the regional Red List generally corresponded with high-rarity classifications based on the Rabinowitz framework. However, significant inconsistencies were identified, particularly for certain lentic Odonata species traditionally considered common. These results suggest that spatial biases in field surveys, combined with limited access to data on legally protected species, can impede accurate rarity assessments. These findings underscore the need for standardized survey protocols and improved data-sharing policies for sensitive species to reduce biases and enhance the reliability of rarity assessments. This is essential for effective conservation planning and biodiversity management in freshwater ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)
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14 pages, 1953 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Efficacy of a Nanoconjugated Glycopeptide Antibiotic in Silkworm Larvae Infected by Staphylococcus aureus
by Aurora Montali, Francesca Berini, Federica Gamberoni, Ilaria Armenia, Alessio Saviane, Silvia Cappellozza, Rosalba Gornati, Giovanni Bernardini, Flavia Marinelli and Gianluca Tettamanti
Insects 2024, 15(11), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110886 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 648
Abstract
To contrast the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, new alternative therapeutic options are urgently needed. The use of nanoparticles as carriers for clinically relevant antibiotics represents a promising solution to potentiate their efficacy. In this study, we used Bombyx mori larvae [...] Read more.
To contrast the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, new alternative therapeutic options are urgently needed. The use of nanoparticles as carriers for clinically relevant antibiotics represents a promising solution to potentiate their efficacy. In this study, we used Bombyx mori larvae for the first time as an animal model for testing a nanoconjugated glycopeptide antibiotic (teicoplanin) against Staphylococcus aureus infection. B. mori larvae might thus replace the use of mammalian models for preclinical tests, in agreement with the European Parliament Directive 2010/63/EU. The curative effect of teicoplanin (a last resort antibiotic against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens) conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles was assessed by monitoring the survival rate of the larvae and some immunological markers (i.e., hemocyte viability, phenoloxidase system activation, and lysozyme activity). Human physiological conditions of infection were reproduced by performing the experiments at 37 °C. In this condition, nanoconjugated teicoplanin cured the bacterial infection at the same antibiotic concentration of the free counterpart, blocking the insect immune response without causing mortality of silkworm larvae. These results demonstrate the value and robustness of the silkworm as an infection model for testing the in vivo efficacy of nanoconjugated antimicrobial molecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)
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22 pages, 4584 KiB  
Article
Oviposition Preferences of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Response to Various Potential Repellent and Attractant Plants
by Kervin Can, Tsui-Ying Chang, Lekhnath Kafle and Wen-Hua Chen
Insects 2024, 15(11), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110885 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1038
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major polyphagous pest that mainly feeds on maize and other cash crops. Understanding S. frugiperda’s behavior on different host plants facilitates the development of effective integrated pest management (IPM) plans. Therefore, this study [...] Read more.
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major polyphagous pest that mainly feeds on maize and other cash crops. Understanding S. frugiperda’s behavior on different host plants facilitates the development of effective integrated pest management (IPM) plans. Therefore, this study investigated the oviposition preferences of S. frugiperda females among different host plants using no-choice, two-choice, and multiple-choice bioassays. In no-choice bioassays, para grass, Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) (Poales: Poaceae); maize, Zea mays (L.) (Poales: Poaceae); and napier grass, Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach) (Poales: Poaceae) were identified as highly attractive, while sweet sorghum, Sorghum dochna (Forssk.) (Poales: Poaceae); sunhemp, Crotalaria juncea (L.) (Fabales:Fabacea); Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) (Fabales:Fabacea); desmodium, Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) (Fabales:Fabacea); natal grass, melinis repens (Zizka) (Poales: Poaceae); molasses grass, Melinis minutiflora (P.Beauv.) (Poales: Poaceae); and mung bean, Vigna radiata (R. wilczek) (Fabales: Fabaceae) exhibited reduced oviposition effects. Two-choice bioassays revealed different levels of attractiveness and repellency among different plant combinations. In multiple-choice bioassays, mimicking an intercropping scenario, differences in the number of eggs and egg mass were observed for M:S:D:W (maize, sunhemp, desmodium, and cage wall), S:D:M:W (sunhemp, desmodium, maize, and cage wall), and D:M:S:W (desmodium, maize, sunhemp, and cage wall). This study provides insights into the egg-laying preferences of S. frugiperda females among different host plants, valuable for the management of S. frugiperda. This encourages further research and further identification of novel repellent and attractant host plants, which will ultimately contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly crop production practices and techniques. Full article
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13 pages, 666 KiB  
Article
Potential of an Attractive High-Rate Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Pheromone Dispenser for Mating Disruption or for Monitoring
by Charles S. Burks and Bradley S. Higbee
Insects 2024, 15(11), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110884 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 651
Abstract
Mating disruption is used to manage Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Current mating disruption uses a single compound, but at least one other is necessary for source contact in laboratory assays and efficient capture in traps in the field. We conducted experiments to [...] Read more.
Mating disruption is used to manage Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Current mating disruption uses a single compound, but at least one other is necessary for source contact in laboratory assays and efficient capture in traps in the field. We conducted experiments to examine disruption of sexual communication and attraction of males to these high-rate dispensers with either one or both compounds. Trap suppression experiments compared males captured in pheromone traps in orchard blocks treated at a low, medium, or high number of dispensers per ha, and a trapping study used the dispensers as attractants in sticky traps to compare their relative attractiveness. The 2-compound dispensers suppressed male capture in pheromone traps more effectively than the 1-compound dispensers at the intermediate density. The trapping study found that both dispensers captured fewer males than a monitoring lure in the absence of mating disruption but more males in the presence of mating disruption. These data provide additional support for a hybrid mechanism of mating disruption for this species and indicate that the use of the more attractive 2-compound dispensers could make mating disruption more effective at the lowest dispenser density currently used. Alternatively, a lure base on the 2-compound dispenser could provide equally effective monitoring in the presence of mating disruption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Tree Nut Agroecosystems under Changing Climate)
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10 pages, 522 KiB  
Article
Bioecological Parameters of the Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), Collected from Fig Crops in Mexico
by Eduardo Paniagua-Jasso, Manuel Alejandro Tejeda-Reyes, Ana Mabel Martínez-Castillo, José Isaac Figueroa-de la Rosa, Diana Vely García-Banderas, Luis Jesús Palma-Castillo, Carlos Patricio Illescas-Riquelme and Samuel Pineda-Guillermo
Insects 2024, 15(11), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110883 - 11 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 744
Abstract
This study assessed several bioecological aspects of the black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), the main pest of fig (Ficus carica L.). Figs were collected from eight sites in the Mexican states of Michoacán (Plan de Ayala, Los Tejones, Antúnez, [...] Read more.
This study assessed several bioecological aspects of the black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), the main pest of fig (Ficus carica L.). Figs were collected from eight sites in the Mexican states of Michoacán (Plan de Ayala, Los Tejones, Antúnez, Tangancícuaro, Indaparapeo, El Carrizal, and Charapendo) and Morelos (Telixtac). No infestation was recorded in figs collected in Charapendo, but, in the remaining sites, it was variable (2–33%). Figs from Plan de Ayala and El Carrizal were longer and contained more larvae than those from Telixtac and Los Tejones. Some figs (≤12) collected in Telixtac and Los Tejones contained few pupae or adults. The survival of larval and pupal stages (≤86%) and the proportion of females (40–53%) were determined at the sites where the infestation of figs was >6% (Telixtac, El Carrizal, Plan de Ayala, and Los Tejones). In the second part of this study, the development of individuals collected in Los Tejones was analyzed under constant conditions. The estimated larval duration time was between 13 and 15 d, whereas pupae lasted 11 d. The survival rate and longevity of females and males were very similar. Our results could help design a program for integrated pest management against S. adipata. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)
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19 pages, 6176 KiB  
Article
Immunomodulation and Protective Effects of Cordyceps militaris Extract Against Candida albicans Infection in Galleria mellonella Larvae
by Kiratiya Eiamthaworn, David Holthaus, Sureeporn Suriyaprom, Volker Rickerts and Yingmanee Tragoolpua
Insects 2024, 15(11), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110882 - 10 Nov 2024
Viewed by 810
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris-derived formulations are currently used for multiple purposes because of their medical properties, especially immune system modulation. This study analyzes the inhibitory effects of C. militaris aqueous extract on Candida albicans infections and the immune response in larvae of the greater [...] Read more.
Cordyceps militaris-derived formulations are currently used for multiple purposes because of their medical properties, especially immune system modulation. This study analyzes the inhibitory effects of C. militaris aqueous extract on Candida albicans infections and the immune response in larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae exhibited melanization within 1 h of being infected with C. albicans inoculum at a concentration of 106 cells/larvae, and died within 24 h from a lethal dose. Aqueous extract of C. militaris proved to be nontoxic at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.125 mg/larvae, and had the greatest ability to prolong the survival of larvae infected with a sublethal dose of C. albicans at a concentration of 105 cells/larvae. Moreover, the number of hemocytes in the hemolymph of G. mellonella increased after infection with C. albicans and treatment with the aqueous extract of C. militaris at 1, 24, and 48 h by 1.21 × 107, 1.23 × 107, and 1.4 × 107 cells/100 µL, respectively. The highest number of hemocytes was recorded after treatment of infected G. mellonella with the extract for 48 h. Transcriptional upregulation of the immune system was observed in certain antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), showing that the relative expression of galiomicin, gallerimycin, and lysozyme genes were upregulated as early as 1 h after infection. Therefore, we conclude that C. militaris aqueous extract can modulate the immune system of G. mellonella and protect against infection from C. albicans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Insect Interactions with Symbionts and Pathogens)
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16 pages, 1087 KiB  
Article
An Overview of the Thrips Fauna of the “Góra Bucze” Landscape-Nature Complex in Western Carpathians (Poland)
by Marta Olczyk, Halina Kucharczyk and Maria Pobożniak
Insects 2024, 15(11), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110881 - 9 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Although thrips are commonly viewed primarily as agricultural pests [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)
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