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15 pages, 1486 KiB  
Review
Saliva in Balancing Oral and Systemic Health, Oral Cancer, and Beyond: A Narrative Review
by Kohei Okuyama and Souichi Yanamoto
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4276; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244276 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Saliva plays a multifaceted role in oral health and systemic well-being. It supports digestion, protects oral tissues, maintains a healthy oral microbiome, and facilitates wound healing. Additionally, saliva serves as a diagnostic tool that reflects systemic health and disease/therapeutic states. Furthermore, although saliva [...] Read more.
Saliva plays a multifaceted role in oral health and systemic well-being. It supports digestion, protects oral tissues, maintains a healthy oral microbiome, and facilitates wound healing. Additionally, saliva serves as a diagnostic tool that reflects systemic health and disease/therapeutic states. Furthermore, although saliva shows a protective effect against oral cancer development, once tumor formation occurs, it may be involved in tumor progression and metastasis via exosomes and microRNAs. This review discusses the essential role of saliva; its relationship with the development, progression, and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); liquid biopsy tools for early diagnosis and monitoring of HNSCC; and the potential of exosomes as therapeutic agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cavity Cancer)
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12 pages, 2213 KiB  
Article
A Genetic Make Up of Italian Lipizzan Horse Through Uniparental Markers to Preserve Historical Pedigrees
by Alessandra Crisà, Irene Cardinali, Andrea Giontella, Maurizio Silvestrelli, Hovirag Lancioni and Luca Buttazzoni
Biology 2024, 13(12), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121087 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Lipizzan is a famous horse breed dating back to 1580 when the original stud of Lipica was established by the Hasburg Archduke Charles II. Currently, the Italian State Stud of Lipizzan Horses (ASCAL) is a conservation nucleus managed through strict mating rules where [...] Read more.
Lipizzan is a famous horse breed dating back to 1580 when the original stud of Lipica was established by the Hasburg Archduke Charles II. Currently, the Italian State Stud of Lipizzan Horses (ASCAL) is a conservation nucleus managed through strict mating rules where mitochondrial DNA sequences are used to verify the correct assignment of mares to a historical pedigree maternal lineage. Here, we analyzed the D-loop sequences of Lipizzan horses from the ASCAL in Monterotondo (Rome, Italy) in order to confirm their pedigree assignment to known female founder families. The concurrent investigation of the paternal counterpart based on variation in the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) showed a prevalence of HT02 (80%), typical of the Neapolitan/Oriental wave. The mtDNA polymorphisms identified shaped nine haplotypes that were unequivocally assigned to each of nine classical mare families of the stud (Africa, Almerina, Argentina, Deflorata, Djebrin, Fistula, Ivanka, Sardinia, Spadiglia), while the Europa and Theodorosta families shared a tenth haplotype. New polymorphisms were identified in a not previously studied region (np 16100–16350). The mtDNA phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Lipizzans of the Monterotondo stud belong to six haplogroups (B, C, G, L, M, Q), out of the 18 recorded for the equine species. This work enabled us to identify and preserve ten haplotypes from the historical maternal lines in a small stud kept in genetic segregation for over 100 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)
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14 pages, 1297 KiB  
Article
Education for Healthcare Providers: Impact of Academic Detailing on Reducing Misinformation and Strengthening Influenza Vaccine Recommendations
by Kimberly C. McKeirnan, Megan E. Giruzzi, Damianne C. Brand, Nick R. Giruzzi, Kavya Vaitla and Juliet Dang
Pharmacy 2024, 12(6), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060188 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: Recommendations from a trusted healthcare provider have been shown to be the most effective intervention for encouraging patients to be vaccinated. However, providers have reported feeling less prepared to address vaccination questions and having less time to discuss vaccines with patients than [...] Read more.
Background: Recommendations from a trusted healthcare provider have been shown to be the most effective intervention for encouraging patients to be vaccinated. However, providers have reported feeling less prepared to address vaccination questions and having less time to discuss vaccines with patients than before the COVID-19 pandemic. Providers may benefit from a brief update about the available influenza vaccines and vaccination guidelines. Academic detailing is an evidence-based approach for preparing healthcare providers to discuss getting vaccinated with patients. Methods: An academic detailing presentation was developed using influenza statistics, vaccination recommendations, and recent local and national immunization rate data. Academic detailing was conducted with physicians and community pharmacy personnel in Yakima County, Washington, between November 2023 and January 2024. Yakima County is designated as a medically underserved area due to a lack of providers. A pre-detailing survey was conducted to evaluate participant knowledge of current ACIP recommendations and gather opinions about local resident vaccination barriers. A post-detailing survey was conducted to gather participants’ opinions about the value of detailing. Results: Prior to the training, 73% of providers believed it was important to discuss influenza vaccination with patients, but only 52% felt confident in combating misinformation. Healthcare providers believed misinformation and vaccine hesitancy are the most common barriers for Yakima County patients, but recent survey results showed that online scheduling systems, long wait times, and limited appointment hours were the predominant issues reported locally. Two out of 12 community pharmacy personnel and zero resident physicians correctly named all three preferentially recommended influenza vaccines for patients 65 years and older. Overall, 96% of detailing participants reported that the session was valuable, 87% believed it would help them combat vaccine misinformation, and 65% reported planning to have more conversations with patients about influenza vaccination after participating. Conclusion: Physicians and community pharmacy immunizers found the influenza vaccines academic detailing to be valuable. Staying up to date on vaccination guidelines can prepare providers to be confident in having informed conversations with patients about getting vaccinated. Full article
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13 pages, 3058 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of the Stool, Blood and Skin Microbiome in Rosacea Patients
by Marie Isolde Joura, Antal Jobbágy, Zsuzsanna A. Dunai, Nóra Makra, András Bánvölgyi, Norbert Kiss, Miklós Sárdy, Sarolta Eszter Sándor, Péter Holló and Eszter Ostorházi
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122667 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Several research groups have confirmed that in the pathogenesis of the chronic inflammatory skin disorder rosacea, the composition of the skin and fecal microbiome of affected patients differs from that of healthy individuals. We studied the stool, blood and skin microbiomes of rosacea [...] Read more.
Several research groups have confirmed that in the pathogenesis of the chronic inflammatory skin disorder rosacea, the composition of the skin and fecal microbiome of affected patients differs from that of healthy individuals. We studied the stool, blood and skin microbiomes of rosacea and control patients using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our goals were to determine 1. whether the microbiome characteristics of rosacea patients differ from that of healthy individuals, 2. whether the change experienced on the skin can be confirmed by alterations in the stool microbiome through the mediation of the blood and 3. whether the metabolic activity of the changed skin, blood or fecal microbiome can play a role in the pathogenesis of rosacea. The rosacea skin microbiome differed significantly from the healthy skin microbiome in both alpha and beta diversity, as well as in the abundance of the genera. Only a few genera abundances differed significantly in stool and blood samples. The most significant representatives of the rosacea skin microbiome, Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium, Corynebacterium and Neisseria, cannot be derived from the feces or blood. The metabolic pathways associated with healthy fecal microbiome contributed to the production of anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids. While the increased production of adenosylcobalamin, L-isoleucine and thiazole by the microbiome of healthy skin appeared to have a protective effect, the excessive heme and H2S production experienced in rosacea skin likely contribute to the deterioration of the pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Skin Microbiota, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 4888 KiB  
Article
Crosstalk Between Omental Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Gastric Cancer Cells Regulates Cancer Stemness and Chemotherapy Resistance
by Jun Kinoshita, Kenta Doden, Yusuke Sakimura, Saki Hayashi, Hiroto Saito, Toshikatsu Tsuji, Daisuke Yamamoto, Hideki Moriyama, Toshinari Minamoto and Noriyuki Inaki
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4275; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244275 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: Peritoneal metastasis (PM) remains a major challenge in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and occurs preferentially in adipose-rich organs, such as the omentum. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may influence cancer behavior. This study aimed to investigate whether ASCs isolated from the omentum [...] Read more.
Background: Peritoneal metastasis (PM) remains a major challenge in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and occurs preferentially in adipose-rich organs, such as the omentum. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may influence cancer behavior. This study aimed to investigate whether ASCs isolated from the omentum can act as progenitors of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and analyze their effects on the cancer stem cell (CSC) niche and the treatment resistance of GC cells. Methods: ASCs were isolated from the human omentum and their cellular characteristics were analyzed during co-culturing with GC cells. Results: ASCs express CAF markers and promote desmoplasia in cancer stroma in a mouse xenograft model. When co-cultured with GC cells, ASCs enhanced the sphere-forming efficiency of MKN45 and MKN74 cells. ASCs increased IL-6 secretion and enhanced the expression of Nanog and CD44v6 in GC cells; however, these changes were suppressed by the inhibition of IL-6. Xenograft mouse models co-inoculated with MKN45 cells and ASCs showed enhanced CD44v6 and Nanog expression and markedly reduced apoptosis induced by 5-FU treatment. Conclusion: This study improves our understanding of ASCs’ role in PM treatment resistance and has demonstrated the potential for new treatment strategies targeting ASCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Cancer Stem Cells)
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11 pages, 6317 KiB  
Entry
Image Transmission and Selenium: Adriano de Paiva and Initial Steps in the XIX Century
by Paulo M. S. T. de Castro
Encyclopedia 2024, 4(4), 1962-1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040128 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Definition
Sound transmission, in the form of the telephone, was invented by Alexander Graham Bell et al. in the seventies of the XIX century. Inspired by this development, Adriano de Paiva published in 1878 the idea of the transmission of images at a distance [...] Read more.
Sound transmission, in the form of the telephone, was invented by Alexander Graham Bell et al. in the seventies of the XIX century. Inspired by this development, Adriano de Paiva published in 1878 the idea of the transmission of images at a distance using electricity and selenium. His proposal was based upon earlier work by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who identified the selenium element in 1817, and of Willoughby Smith, who in 1873 identified a peculiar property of this material—its conductivity dependence upon incident light. The 1878 paper of Adriano de Paiva is the first publication proposing to benefit from the properties of selenium in order to achieve electrical image transmission at a distance and, in the words of the author, enable ubiquity—the transmission of sound and image anywhere in real time. This encyclopedia entry delves into the early steps of electrical image transmission, concisely presenting the protagonists and controversies of scientific priority, and mentioning the impact of those pioneering contributions, still mentioned today, approximately one and a half centuries later. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Engineering)
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19 pages, 6643 KiB  
Article
High-Precision Recognition Algorithm for Equipment Defects Based on Mask R-CNN Algorithm Framework in Power System
by Mingyong Xin, Changbao Xu, Jipu Gao, Yu Wang and Bo Wang
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122940 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
In current engineering applications, target detection based on power vision neural networks has problems with low accuracy and difficult defect recognition. Thus, this paper proposes a high-precision substation equipment defect recognition algorithm based on the Mask R-CNN algorithm framework to achieve high-precision substation [...] Read more.
In current engineering applications, target detection based on power vision neural networks has problems with low accuracy and difficult defect recognition. Thus, this paper proposes a high-precision substation equipment defect recognition algorithm based on the Mask R-CNN algorithm framework to achieve high-precision substation equipment defect monitoring. The effectiveness of the Mask R-CNN algorithm is compared and analyzed in substation equipment defect recognition and the applicability of the Mask R-CNN algorithm in edge computing. According to different types of substation equipment defect characteristics, substation equipment defect recognition guidelines were developed. The guideline helps to calibrate the existing training set and build defect recognition models for substation equipment based on different algorithms. In the end, the system based on a power edge vision neural network was built. The feasibility and accuracy of the algorithm was verified by model training and actual target detection results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Process Control and Monitoring)
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29 pages, 4662 KiB  
Article
A Country Risk Assessment from the Perspective of Cybersecurity in Local Entities
by Javier Sanchez-Zurdo and Jose San-Martín
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12036; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412036 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
The number of vulnerabilities identified annually has increased substantially, thereby raising the risks associated with online services. The implementation of cybersecurity management measures in accordance with the European NIS2 Directive is optional at the local authority level. This study analyzes the external perimeter [...] Read more.
The number of vulnerabilities identified annually has increased substantially, thereby raising the risks associated with online services. The implementation of cybersecurity management measures in accordance with the European NIS2 Directive is optional at the local authority level. This study analyzes the external perimeter of nearly 7000 municipalities and proposes a simplified security framework that provides a comprehensive view of security across regions. A complete data set was assembled on the Technological and Competence profiles of all municipalities in Spain over a two-year period. The data were gathered from the external perimeter in relation to security, availability and SEO posture areas. A survey was conducted to determine the level of concern among citizens regarding cybersecurity issues in online municipal services, with 188 respondents. Some regions were identified as exhibiting particularly high and homogeneous levels of security. In contrast, other regions were found to be below the expected level. The presence of supra-local entities, such as the “Diputaciones”, has been demonstrated to facilitate the harmonization of regional security, while simultaneously reducing technological fragmentation and operational expenditure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Computer Security and Cybersecurity)
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17 pages, 9816 KiB  
Article
Structural Characteristics of the Turning End of the Kaiping Syncline and Its Influence on Coal Mine Gas
by Zhenning Chen, Yanming Zhu, Hanyu Zhang and Jin Li
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 12035; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142412035 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Frequent coal mine gas disasters pose significant threats to the safety of miners and the continuity of coal mining operations. Understanding and mastering the patterns of gas occurrence is the foundation for controlling gas outbursts. This study, drawing on previous theories, research, and [...] Read more.
Frequent coal mine gas disasters pose significant threats to the safety of miners and the continuity of coal mining operations. Understanding and mastering the patterns of gas occurrence is the foundation for controlling gas outbursts. This study, drawing on previous theories, research, and practical coal mine production data, analyzes the structural characteristics of the Kaiping syncline, with particular emphasis on the structural differentiation at its northeastern uplifted end. The study examines how gas generation and storage are influenced by progressively layered structures and their effect on coal mine gas management. The results indicate that the Kaiping syncline has a NE-SW axial orientation, which gradually shifts to an asymmetric syncline with a nearly EW trend, rising towards the northeastern end. At the turning end, the strata on the northwest limb are steep—locally vertical or overturned—gradually transitioning into the gentler southeast limb with dips of 10° to 30°, further complicated by a series of sub-parallel secondary folds. The gas formation process in coal seams has undergone multiple stages, regulated by structural burial and thermal evolution. The current gas storage characteristics result from the combined effects of these structural factors. The Kaiping syncline can be divided into two gas zones: a high-gas zone in the northwest limb and a shallow low-gas zone paired with a deep high-gas zone in the southeast limb. At the turning end, structural differentiation results in significant variations and gradations in the gas storage conditions of the coal seam. This differentiation directly causes a transition from coal and gas outburst mines in the northwest limb to low-gas mines in the southeast limb, highlighting the significant influence of structural factors on gas generation, preservation, and mine gas emissions. This study integrates theoretical analysis with measured data to enhance the understanding of structural evolution and its influence on gas storage. It offers guidance for preventing coal seam gas disasters and ensuring the safe production of coal mines in the Kaiping coalfield. Full article
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19 pages, 1017 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes—A Summary of Participant and Intervention Characteristics
by Gebresilasea Gendisha Ukke, Jacqueline A. Boyle, Ahmed Reja, Wai Kit Lee, Mingling Chen, Michelle Shi Min Ko, Chelsea Alycia, Jane Kwon and Siew Lim
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4413; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244413 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to review the effect of lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the participants and intervention characteristics. Methods: We systematically searched seven databases for RCTs of lifestyle interventions published up to [...] Read more.
Objectives: We aimed to review the effect of lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the participants and intervention characteristics. Methods: We systematically searched seven databases for RCTs of lifestyle interventions published up to 24 July 2024. We included 30 studies that reported the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or body weight. A random effects model was used to calculate the relative risk and mean difference with a 95% confidence interval. Subgroup analyses were conducted for participants’ characteristics (age, body mass index (BMI)) and intervention characteristics according to the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR). Results: A greater T2DM risk reduction was seen in trials that started within one year postpartum, in participants with a mean baseline BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more, or based on behavioral change theory. For body weight reduction, studies on participants with a mean baseline BMI of 25 kg/m2 or more or ones that included electronic/mobile delivery (text message, web, phone call) were more effective. Conclusions: Diabetes prevention trials in women with a history of GDM are more effective when commencing within one year postpartum, underpinned by behavior change theory, and in participants with overweight or obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Exercise Interventions to Target Obesity and Chronic Diseases)
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19 pages, 1788 KiB  
Article
Uses of the Popov Stability Criterion for Analyzing Global Asymptotic Stability in Power System Dynamic Models
by Elinor Ginzburg-Ganz, Juri Belikov, Liran Katzir and Yoash Levron
Energy Storage Appl. 2024, 1(1), 54-72; https://doi.org/10.3390/esa1010005 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Stability studies remain a crucial aspect of power systems dynamic analysis, and are typically explored in three main categories: numerical methods, linearization techniques, or direct methods, which utilize Lyapunov energy functions. This paper belongs to the third category, and highlights the usefulness of [...] Read more.
Stability studies remain a crucial aspect of power systems dynamic analysis, and are typically explored in three main categories: numerical methods, linearization techniques, or direct methods, which utilize Lyapunov energy functions. This paper belongs to the third category, and highlights the usefulness of the Popov stability criterion in the analysis of nonlinear power system models. The main advantage of this criterion is that it provides conditions for global asymptotic stability of an equilibrium point, for a nonlinear dynamic system. We show a general method to apply this stability criterion, and examine its uses in several specific applications and case-studies. The results are demonstrated by analyzing the stability of a system that includes a grid-connected storage device and a renewable energy source. Full article
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4 pages, 162 KiB  
Editorial
Active Firefighting Systems Against Flashover Fires in Big Halls
by Cheuk-Lun Chow, Chi-Honn Cheng and Wan-Ki Chow
Fire 2024, 7(12), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120486 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
The number of big fires in buildings appears to be increasing [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Compartment Fire and Safety)
11 pages, 5171 KiB  
Article
Impact of Multi-Valve Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System on Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in a Multi-Cylinder Engine
by Konrad Krakowian
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6473; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246473 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems, in addition to catalytic reactors, are now widely used in reciprocating internal combustion engines to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust gases. They are characterized by the fact that part of the exhaust gas from the [...] Read more.
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems, in addition to catalytic reactors, are now widely used in reciprocating internal combustion engines to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust gases. They are characterized by the fact that part of the exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold is recycled and directed to the intake manifold through a special valve. This valve, depending on the current engine load and velocity, doses an appropriate amount of exhaust gas which, with each new charge, is fed to the individual engine cylinders. In addition, the positioning of the valve has a significant effect on the formation of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas from individual engine cylinders, which is due to the uneven distribution of exhaust gas into the intake manifold channels. Tests were carried out on a power unit equipped with a symmetrical intake manifold with a centrally located EGR valve. The article presents the results of tests on a system in which each cylinder was supplied with a separate EGR valve. This solution made it possible to charge each cylinder with the same mass of recirculated exhaust gas, which was dependent on engine velocity and load. The exhaust nitrogen oxides emissions were measured for the originally manufactured system and compared with the multi-valve system. The results confirmed the need for individual selection of the dose of recirculated exhaust gas for particular cylinders, as the multi-valve system equalized the levels of nitrogen oxides emissions in the exhaust gases coming from individual cylinders of the internal combustion engine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Combustion Technologies and Emission Control)
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12 pages, 1673 KiB  
Article
Effects on Posture of a Two-Diopter Horizontal Prism Base Out on the Non-Dominant Eye
by Davide Marini, Giovanni Rubegni, Lorenzo Sarti, Alessandra Rufa, Marco Mandalà, Fabio Ferretti, Gian Marco Tosi and Mario Fruschelli
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7847; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247847 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Ocular proprioception is implicated in balance control and heterophoria is associated with abnormal posture, though previous research focused mainly on the role of vertical phoria and the use of vertical prisms. This study aims to evaluate whether ocular misalignment and prismatic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Ocular proprioception is implicated in balance control and heterophoria is associated with abnormal posture, though previous research focused mainly on the role of vertical phoria and the use of vertical prisms. This study aims to evaluate whether ocular misalignment and prismatic correction of horizontal phoria affect posture. Methods: Sixty-nine (N = 69) young healthy subjects were included and equally divided by horizontal distance phoria: orthophoria (n = 23), esophoria (n = 23) and exophoria (n = 23). A prism of low power (two-diopter) was placed base out on the non-dominant eye, reducing misalignment in esophorics and increasing it in exophorics more than in orthophorics. Dynamic computerized posturography was performed with the sensory organization test protocol (SOT) of the EquiTest® NeuroCom® version 8 platform both without and with prism, always maintaining subjects unaware of prism use. A mixed model for repeated measures analysis of variance was run to evaluate the main effect of prism and the interaction effect of prism with baseline phoria. Results: Composite movement strategy score without prism was 88.1 ± 2.8% (ankle-dominant strategy) and slightly increased to 89.0 ± 3.1% with prism insertion (p = 0.004), further shifting toward ankle strategy. Composite equilibrium score without prism was 80.3 ± 6.5% and remained stable with prism insertion (81.3 ± 8.2%, p = 0.117), medio-lateral and antero-posterior projection of center of gravity did not displace significantly under prism insertion (p = 0.652 and p = 0.270, respectively). At baseline, posturographic parameters were statistically independent of individual phoria, and no significant interaction between prism insertion and individual phoria was documented for any parameters (p > 0.05 for all). Secondary analysis and pairwise comparisons confirmed that the effect of prism was strongly selective on condition SOT 5 (eyes-closed, platform sway-referenced) with improvement of equilibrium (70.4 ± 9.7% with prism vs. 65.7 ± 11.6% without) and more use of ankle strategy (81.6 ± 5.3% with prism vs. 78.2 ± 6.0% without), without any interaction of phoria and ocular dominance, while the other conditions were comparable with and without prism. Conclusions: A two-diopter prism base out on the non-dominant eye induces the body to use the ankle joint more independently of individual phoria, suggesting a small improvement in postural control, while maintaining oscillations of the center of gravity unaltered. Prism seems to enhance the function of vestibular system selectively. Phoria adjustments with prismatic correction enable intervention in postural behavior. Extraocular muscles could act as proprioceptors influencing postural stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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26 pages, 1699 KiB  
Review
Marine Invasive Algae’s Bioactive Ingredients as a Sustainable Pathway in Cosmetics: The Azores Islands as a Case Study
by Marta Matos, Luísa Custódio and Catarina Pinto Reis
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(12), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22120575 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Marine invasive species pose significant ecological, economic, and social challenges, disrupting native ecosystems, outcompeting local species and altering biodiversity. The spread of these species is largely driven by global trade, shipping, and climate change, which allow non-native species to establish themselves in new [...] Read more.
Marine invasive species pose significant ecological, economic, and social challenges, disrupting native ecosystems, outcompeting local species and altering biodiversity. The spread of these species is largely driven by global trade, shipping, and climate change, which allow non-native species to establish themselves in new environments. Current management strategies, including early detection, rapid response, and biosecurity measures, have had some success, but the complexity and scale of the problem require continuous monitoring. This review explores the possibility of using some marine invasive species as skincare ingredients and explores the Azorean islands as a case study for the valorization of biomass. Additionally, this review addresses legislative barriers that delay the development of sustainable cosmetic markets from invasive species, highlighting the regulatory landscape as a critical area. It concludes that marine invasive species present a regional and global problem that requires regional and global solutions. Such solutions strongly need to address environmental impacts and net socioeconomic benefits, but such solutions must also consider all regional differences, technical capacities and financial resources available. Thus, as a future perspective, strategies should emphasize the need for international collaboration and the development of more effective policies to prevent the spread of invasive species. There is still much work to be completed. By working together, the biodiversity for future generations will be better monitored and explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Algal Biotechnology and Applications)
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8 pages, 1412 KiB  
Article
Insights into the C-Cl Bond Breaking in Epichlorohydrin Induced by Low Energy (<10 eV) Electrons
by Hassan Abdoul-Carime, Louisa Castel and Franck Rabilloud
Molecules 2024, 29(24), 6051; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29246051 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Epichlorohydrin is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of polymers and, more particularly, epoxy adhesives. The traditional process involves the cleavage of the carbon-chlorine bond in an alkaline solution. Here, we investigate the breakage of this bond induced by low-energy (<10 eV) [...] Read more.
Epichlorohydrin is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of polymers and, more particularly, epoxy adhesives. The traditional process involves the cleavage of the carbon-chlorine bond in an alkaline solution. Here, we investigate the breakage of this bond induced by low-energy (<10 eV) electrons. We show the production of the chlorine anion via a resonant process at different energies. The experimental observations are completed by quantum chemistry calculations of the involved molecular orbitals in the formation of the precursor temporary anions, and their decay mechanisms are discussed in terms of the complex potential energy curve crossing network. The gained information may potentially contribute to a strategy of synthesis by other means where low-energy electrons are implicated, i.e., cold plasmas or even scanning tunnelling microscope for which the bond breakage can be controlled by the energy of the colliding electrons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry)
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23 pages, 3549 KiB  
Article
Experimental Assessment of Green Waste HTC Pellets: Kinetics, Efficiency and Emissions
by Yaniel Garcia Lovella, Abhishek Goel, Louis Garin, Julien Blondeau and Svend Bram
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6474; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246474 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
The combustion of renewable solid fuels, such as biomass, is a reliable option for heat and power production. The availability of biomass resources within urban areas, such as tree leaves, small branches, grass, and other green city waste, creates an opportunity to valorize [...] Read more.
The combustion of renewable solid fuels, such as biomass, is a reliable option for heat and power production. The availability of biomass resources within urban areas, such as tree leaves, small branches, grass, and other green city waste, creates an opportunity to valorize such resources. The energy densification of such resources using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and pelletization of the carbonized material could create a new generation of domestic boiler biofuel. However, combustion efficiency and emission assessments should be carried out for HTC pellets. The primary objective of this study is to assess HTC pellets, provided by a waste upgrade company, in terms of kinetics, combustion efficiency, and emissions, taking as reference base ENplus A1 certified softwood pellets. Therefore, thermogravimetric analysis and combustion tests were conducted for both fuels to achieve this. It was observed that a third peak of the burning rate during the solid carbon oxidation of HTC pellets indicated a high activation energy. Combustion tests showed a 7% increase in boiler efficiency for HTC pellets compared to softwood pellets. However, higher particulate matter (PM), NOx, and CO emissions were recorded during the HTC pellets test. The results suggest that optimizing the air/fuel ratio could further improve the performance of HTC pellets in domestic boilers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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8 pages, 209 KiB  
Brief Report
Efficacy of Cefiderocol Against Endophthalmitis Isolates
by Brennan Schilling, Michael Hii, Hazel Q. Shanks, Eric G. Romanowski, Jonathan B. Mandell, Robert M. Q. Shanks and Michael Zegans
Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121236 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Endophthalmitis is an intraocular microbial infection that can lead to permanent blindness, even with prompt anti-microbial therapy. Multi-drug-resistant organisms are on the rise, potentially limiting the efficacy of current empiric antibiotic therapies of intravitreal ceftazidime and vancomycin. Cefiderocol is a recent FDA- [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Endophthalmitis is an intraocular microbial infection that can lead to permanent blindness, even with prompt anti-microbial therapy. Multi-drug-resistant organisms are on the rise, potentially limiting the efficacy of current empiric antibiotic therapies of intravitreal ceftazidime and vancomycin. Cefiderocol is a recent FDA- and EMA-approved antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Methods: To better understand its potential utility in the treatment of ocular infections, the MIC of cefiderocol was compared to ceftazidime and amikacin in endophthalmitis bacterial isolates using Epsilometer testing. Because vancomycin is commonly given concomitantly as part of empiric endophthalmitis treatment, possible synergistic and antagonistic effects of concomitant vancomycin and cefiderocol were also evaluated. Results: Cefiderocol was found to have lower MIC values compared to ceftazidime for Pseudomonadales or Enterobacterales species. When comparing the MICs of cefiderocol and vancomycin, there appeared to be no antagonism between the two antibiotics. Conclusions: This is the first report exploring the use of cefiderocol in endophthalmitis strains. The results of this study show this is a promising antibiotic for multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative organisms but further research is needed to investigate its intraocular safety profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Antibiotics in Ophthalmology Practice)
18 pages, 564 KiB  
Article
Refining the Allostatic Self-Efficacy Theory of Fatigue and Depression Using Causal Inference
by Alexander J. Hess, Dina von Werder, Olivia K. Harrison, Jakob Heinzle and Klaas Enno Stephan
Entropy 2024, 26(12), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26121127 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Allostatic self-efficacy (ASE) represents a computational theory of fatigue and depression. In brief, it postulates that (i) fatigue is a feeling state triggered by a metacognitive diagnosis of loss of control over bodily states (persistently elevated interoceptive surprise); and that (ii) generalization of [...] Read more.
Allostatic self-efficacy (ASE) represents a computational theory of fatigue and depression. In brief, it postulates that (i) fatigue is a feeling state triggered by a metacognitive diagnosis of loss of control over bodily states (persistently elevated interoceptive surprise); and that (ii) generalization of low self-efficacy beliefs beyond bodily control induces depression. Here, we converted ASE theory into a structural causal model (SCM). This allowed identification of empirically testable hypotheses regarding causal relationships between the variables of interest. Applying conditional independence tests to questionnaire data from healthy volunteers, we sought to identify contradictions to the proposed SCM. Moreover, we estimated two causal effects proposed by ASE theory using three different methods. Our analyses identified specific aspects of the proposed SCM that were inconsistent with the available data. This enabled formulation of an updated SCM that can be tested against future data. Second, we confirmed the predicted negative average causal effect from metacognition of allostatic control to fatigue across all three different methods of estimation. Our study represents an initial attempt to refine and formalize ASE theory using methods from causal inference. Our results confirm key predictions from ASE theory but also suggest revisions which require empirical verification in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Functional Imaging to Free Energy—Dedicated to Professor Karl Friston on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday)
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20 pages, 12015 KiB  
Article
Research on Trajectory Tracking of Robotic Fish Based on DBO-Backstepping Control
by Huibao Yang, Shuheng Hu, Bangshuai Li, Xiujing Gao and Hongwu Huang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122364 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Advancements in underwater robotic fish have generated new requirements for diverse underwater scenarios, presenting challenges in attaining efficient and precise control, particularly in the realm of classical trajectory tracking. In response to the inherently nonlinear and underactuated characteristics of underwater robot control design, [...] Read more.
Advancements in underwater robotic fish have generated new requirements for diverse underwater scenarios, presenting challenges in attaining efficient and precise control, particularly in the realm of classical trajectory tracking. In response to the inherently nonlinear and underactuated characteristics of underwater robot control design, this study introduces a trajectory tracking backstepping control method for the planar motion of underactuated underwater robotic systems. The method is grounded in dung beetle optimization (DBO) backstepping control. Firstly, a dynamic model of a single-node tail-actuated robotic fish is introduced, and the model is averaged. Based on the averaged model and Lyapunov functions, the design of the backstepping control scheme is derived to ensure the stability of the control system. Subsequently, the derived backstepping control is further optimized through the application of the DBO optimization algorithm, then the optimal backstepping control (OBC) approach is presented. Finally, the proposed control scheme is applied to the simulation experiments with the robotic fish. The simulation results for straight-line tracking indicate that OBC is superior to the PID method in terms of overshoot performance, reducing the average overshoot from 0.23 to 0.02. Additionally, OBC reduces the average velocity error from 0.043 m/s (backstepping control) to 0.035 m/s, which is lower than that of the PID method, with an average velocity error of 0.054 m/s. In turn tracking, the simulation results reveal that OBC reduces the average velocity error from 0.067 m/s (backstepping control) to 0.055 m/s and demonstrates better performance than the PID method, with an average velocity error of 0.066 m/s. Under various disturbance conditions, the simulations reveal that OBC exhibits superior performance when compared to other control methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Underwater Robots for Navigation and Manipulation)
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27 pages, 11781 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Interaction Between Landslides and Carbon Stocks in Italy
by Jibran Qadri and Francesca Ceccato
Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11273; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411273 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Landslides, as natural hazards, have far-reaching impacts beyond their immediate effects on human lives and infrastructure; landslides disrupt both carbon storage and ecosystem stability, and their role in the global carbon cycle cannot be underestimated. This study delves into the complex relationship between [...] Read more.
Landslides, as natural hazards, have far-reaching impacts beyond their immediate effects on human lives and infrastructure; landslides disrupt both carbon storage and ecosystem stability, and their role in the global carbon cycle cannot be underestimated. This study delves into the complex relationship between landslides and carbon stocks such as, in particular, soil organic carbon (SOC) and above-ground biomass (AGB), and outlines the spatial relationship between different types of landslides, soil organic carbon (SOC), and the carbon cycle, underscoring the importance of understanding these interconnections for environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation efforts. By employing machine learning algorithms on the Google Earth Engine platform, landslide susceptibility maps were created for different landslide types across Italy, and their spatial patterns with SOC accumulation were analyzed using the Python environment. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between landslide hazard levels and SOC dynamics, with varying trends observed for different landslide types. In addition, this study investigates the potential impact of large-scale landslide events on carbon sequestration in the short term via a case study of the May 2023 landslide event in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. The analysis reveals a substantial reduction in above-ground biomass by 35%, which approximately accounts for the loss of 0.133 MtC, and a decrease in SOC accumulation in 72% of the affected areas, indicating that landslides can transform carbon sinks into carbon sources, at least in the short term, and suggested that carbon released from extreme landslide events at a larger scale needs to be accounted for in regional or national carbon emissions. This research underscores the importance of considering landslides in carbon cycle assessments and emphasizes the need for sustainable land management strategies to protect and enhance carbon sinks, such as forests and healthy soils, in the face of increasing natural hazards and climate change impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Environmental Analysis of Soil and Water)
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18 pages, 930 KiB  
Case Report
Ontological Representation of the Structure and Vocabulary of Modern Greek on the Protégé Platform
by Nikoletta Samaridi, Evangelos Papakitsos and Nikitas Karanikolas
Computation 2024, 12(12), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12120249 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
One of the issues in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is language representation and modeling, aiming to manage its structure and find solutions to linguistic issues. With the pursuit of the most efficient capture of knowledge about the Modern Greek [...] Read more.
One of the issues in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is language representation and modeling, aiming to manage its structure and find solutions to linguistic issues. With the pursuit of the most efficient capture of knowledge about the Modern Greek language and, given the scientifically certified usability of the ontological structuring of data in the field of the semantic web and cognitive computing, a new ontology of the Modern Greek language at the level of structure and vocabulary is presented in this paper, using the Protégé platform. With the specific logical and structured form of knowledge representation to express, this research processes and exploits in an easy and useful way the distributed semantics of linguistic information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing)
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17 pages, 4931 KiB  
Article
Caryophylli Cortex Suppress PD-L1 Expression in Cancer Cells and Potentiates Anti-Tumor Immunity in a Humanized PD-1/PD-L1 Knock-In MC-38 Colon Cancer Mouse Model
by Aeyung Kim, Eun-Ji Lee, Jung Ho Han and Hwan-Suck Chung
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244415 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoints are essential for regulating excessive autoimmune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, in the tumor microenvironment, these checkpoints can lead to cytotoxic T cell exhaustion, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor progression. The expression of programmed [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoints are essential for regulating excessive autoimmune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. However, in the tumor microenvironment, these checkpoints can lead to cytotoxic T cell exhaustion, allowing cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor progression. The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer cells is associated with poor prognoses, reduced survival rates, and lower responses to therapies. Consequently, downregulating PD-L1 expression has become a key strategy in developing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Caryophylli cortex (CC), derived from the bark of the clove tree Syzygium aromaticum, possesses antioxidant and cytotoxic properties against cancer cells, yet its potential as an ICI remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate whether CC extract modulates PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and activates T cell immunity through a co-culture system of cancer cells and T cells, as well as in hPD-L1/MC-38 tumor-bearing animal models. Results: Our findings indicate that CC extract significantly downregulated both constitutive and inducible PD-L1 expression at non-toxic concentrations for cancer cells while simultaneously enhancing cancer cell mortality and T cell activity in the co-culture system. Furthermore, the administration of CC extract to hPD-L1/MC-38 tumor-bearing mice resulted in a greater than 70% reduction in tumor growth and increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Principal component analysis identified bergenin, chlorogenic acid, and ellagic acid as active ICIs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CC extract exerts a potent antitumor effect as an immune checkpoint blocker by inhibiting PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Phytochemical Extracts in Cancer Treatment)
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12 pages, 2993 KiB  
Technical Note
py.Aroma: An Intuitive Graphical User Interface for Diverse Aromaticity Analyses
by Zhe Wang
Chemistry 2024, 6(6), 1692-1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6060103 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) criterion plays a significant role in evaluating (anti-)aromaticity. While being readily accessible even for non-computational chemists, adding ghost atoms for multi-points NICS evaluations poses a significant challenge. In this article, I introduce py.Aroma 4, a freely available and [...] Read more.
The nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) criterion plays a significant role in evaluating (anti-)aromaticity. While being readily accessible even for non-computational chemists, adding ghost atoms for multi-points NICS evaluations poses a significant challenge. In this article, I introduce py.Aroma 4, a freely available and open-source Python package designed specifically for analyzing (anti-)aromaticity. Through its user-friendly graphical interface, py.Aroma simplifies and enhances aromaticity analyses by offering key features such as HOMA/HOMER index computation, Gaussian-type input file generation for diverse NICS calculations and corresponding output processing, NMR spectra plotting, and computational supporting information (SI) generation for scientific manuscripts. Additionally, NICS⊥ is suggested for evaluating (anti-)aromaticity for non-planar or tilted rings. Pre-compiled executables for macOS and Windows are freely available online. Facilitate accessibility for users lacking programming experience or time constraints. Full article
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17 pages, 2822 KiB  
Article
MGKGR: Multimodal Semantic Fusion for Geographic Knowledge Graph Representation
by Jianqiang Zhang, Renyao Chen, Shengwen Li, Tailong Li and Hong Yao
Algorithms 2024, 17(12), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17120593 (registering DOI) - 23 Dec 2024
Abstract
Geographic knowledge graph representation learning embeds entities and relationships in geographic knowledge graphs into a low-dimensional continuous vector space, which serves as a basic method that bridges geographic knowledge graphs and geographic applications. Previous geographic knowledge graph representation methods primarily learn the vectors [...] Read more.
Geographic knowledge graph representation learning embeds entities and relationships in geographic knowledge graphs into a low-dimensional continuous vector space, which serves as a basic method that bridges geographic knowledge graphs and geographic applications. Previous geographic knowledge graph representation methods primarily learn the vectors of entities and their relationships from their spatial attributes and relationships, which ignores various semantics of entities, resulting in poor embeddings on geographic knowledge graphs. This study proposes a two-stage multimodal geographic knowledge graph representation (MGKGR) model that integrates multiple kinds of semantics to improve the embedding learning of geographic knowledge graph representation. Specifically, in the first stage, a spatial feature fusion method for modality enhancement is proposed to combine the structural features of geographic knowledge graphs with two modal semantic features. In the second stage, a multi-level modality feature fusion method is proposed to integrate heterogeneous features from different modalities. By fusing the semantics of text and images, the performance of geographic knowledge graph representation is improved, providing accurate representations for downstream geographic intelligence tasks. Extensive experiments on two datasets show that the proposed MGKGR model outperforms the baselines. Moreover, the results demonstrate that integrating textual and image data into geographic knowledge graphs can effectively enhance the model’s performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)
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