Pancasila (politics)

This article is about the Indonesian state philosophy. For other uses, see Pañcasīla.

Pancasila (Indonesian: [pantʃaˈsila] ) is the official, foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia. The name is made from two words originally derived from Sanskrit: "pañca" ("five") and "śīla" ("principles", "precepts").

A depiction of the Garuda Pancasila on a poster; each tenet of the Pancasila is written beside its symbol.

It is composed of five principles:

1. Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa (Belief in the one and only God)
2. Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab (Just and civilized humanity)
3. Persatuan Indonesia (The unity of Indonesia)
4. Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan (Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations among representatives)
5. Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia (Social justice for all the people of Indonesia)

The legal formulation of Pancasila is contained in the fourth paragraph of the preamble of the Constitution of Indonesia.

Background

In 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded and occupied the Dutch East Indies. Following setbacks in the Pacific War, the Japanese promised future self-government for Indonesia and in September 1943, established the Central Advisory Council (CAC) in Java, chaired by pre-war independence activist Sukarno. On 15 November 1944, at the fourth session of the CAC, Sukarno gave a speech listing five guidelines for life for the Indonesian nation. These had been produced by a committee headed by Sukarno, and were dubbed the "Five Obligations" (Panca Dharma). They were:

1. we together with other nations in Greater East Asia are lifelong allies of Japan;
2. we will establish a nation of Free Indonesia, with full respect for the service/assistance from Japan and will remain a member of the Co-Prosperity Sphere;
3. we will endeavor to advance high morality and our culture;
4. we will give eternal service to the nation and people with all our strength and with devotion to Allah;
5. based on the Japanese principle (Hakkō ichiu), we will strive to build eternal peace.

On 1 March 1945, the Japanese 16th Army, which was responsible for Java during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, announced the establishment of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) to work on "preparations for independence in the region of the government of this island of Java." The first session of the BPUPK opened on 28 May 1945, and the following day began discussions on a basis for the future independent Indonesia. A number of speakers put forward proposals, and Wiranatakusumah suggested the Panca Dharma.

Formulation

Five Pancasila symbols on Indonesian stamps (1965)

On 1 June 1945, the final day of the first BPUPK session, Indonesian nationalist Sukarno made a speech, later to become known as the "Birth of Pancasila Address", in which he outlined five principles, which he proposed would form the philosophical basis of an independent Indonesia. His original formulation was:

1. Kebangsaan Indonesia: Indonesian patriotism; inclusion of all people living in Indonesia
2. Internasionalisme: Internationalism emphasizing justice and the virtue of humanity,
3. Musyawarah Mufakat: Deliberative consensus emphasizing a form of representative democracy in which ethnic dominance is absent and each member of the council possesses equal voting power,
4. Kesejahteraan Sosial: Social Welfare premised on the theory of the welfare state and emphasizing popular socialism, and
5. Ketuhanan yang Berkebudayaan: A Divinity that upholds religious freedom (A formulation that can be seen as allowing both monotheism or polytheism, thereby allowing space for all of Indonesia's major religions).

In his speech, Sukarno rejected the Panca Dharma as a name, saying that "dharma" meant 'obligation', but that he was proposing principles. He further said that he liked the symbolic meaning of "five" as there were Five Pillars of Islam, five fingers to a hand and five senses. He named the principles Pancasila. With this formulation, Sukarno made a compromise between the ideas of an Islamic state and of a secular state. Sukarno outlined these five principles could be compressed into three principles ("trisila"), namely: the principle of socio-nationalism, of socio-democracy, and of the one Lordship and then those three can further be compressed into one principle (ekasila), which is the principle of gotong royong (mutual cooperation).

Garuda Pancasila, the national emblem of Indonesia

During the recess between the two BPUPK sessions, the Committee of Nine (Panitia Sembilan), composed of Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, Mohammad Yamin, Alexander Andries Maramis, Ahmad Subardjo, Ki Hadikusumo, Wachid Hasyim, Agus Salim, and Abikusno, formulated a preamble to a constitution including Sukarno's philosophy. This became known as the Jakarta Charter. The order of Sukarno's principles was changed, thus: the fifth sila of theism and freedom of religion became first sila; the second sila remained, the original first sila was re-numbered as the third sila, and the original third and fourth sila were re-numbered as the fourth and fifth sila. Sukarno accepted this proposition of the other members. Further, the first sila of the Jakarta Charter and the Preamble of the Constitution of Indonesia of 1945, being the first of the original sila of Sukarno, was amended to read "Ketuhanan dengan kewajiban menjalankan syariah Islam bagi pemeluk-pemeluknya" ("The one divinity with the obligation for its Muslim adherents to carry out Sharia law"). On 18 August 1945 the PPKI amended it further by deleting "with the obligation for its Muslim adherents to carry out Sharia law" and therefore left the first sila as simply "Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa".

Rationale

By the first half of the 20th century, some ideologies that had been established or made their way to the Dutch East Indies included imperialism and its antithesis anti-colonial nationalism, traditional Javanese statecraft, Islamism, democracy, socialism, and communism. Proponents of these ideologies had formed political organizations or parties to forward their respective causes. The Islamist party Sarekat Islam was established in 1905 followed by Masyumi in 1943. The Communist Party was established in 1914, while Sukarno's nationalist Indonesian National Party was established in 1927. Favoring one ideology over another would not satisfy the whole spectrum of Indonesian people, thus it was decided that the new republic needed to synthesize a new ideology derived from indigenous Indonesian values as well as common shared values derived from various ideologies. Indonesian nationalism could not be identified with Islam regardless of how important the Islamic contribution was, hence that neither of the two options—“Islamic” or “secular” in nature—is the best choice with respect to the unity and the diversity of Indonesia. Pancasila was suggested as the ideal notion of civic nationalism, an effort to replace an old political culture based on primordial or religious loyalties with a new civic sense of “inclusive nationalism,” in which the existences and differences of groups were recognized without discriminations.

On 30 September 1960, in a speech to the 15th United Nations General Assembly, Sukarno affirmed that the first sila of Pancasila does not aim to persecute those who do not have a religion or are atheists. He said that because even those who do not believe in god have the characteristic Indonesian tolerance; they accept "belief on the one and only God" in the first sila as a characteristic of the nation,

Pancasila was influenced by certain aspects of selected world values and ideologies, such as nationalism, humanitarianism, individual rights, freedom of religion, democracy, socialism. The need to unify this diverse country also led to the formulation of the national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, which can be translated as unity in diversity. It declares that despite the ethnic and cultural diversity, the Indonesian people are one. Pancasila can be argued as a common platform and bridge for various ideologies in Indonesia and transformed into a different, integrated, comprehensive ideology.

Post-independence development

Sukarno

During the Parliamentary era (1949-1955), liberal democracy was adopted as the basic philosophy, whereby political parties played key roles in politics. The reason was Dutch accusation of Sukarno and Hatta being Japanese supporters and the concept of the family state began to be decried by some people, particularly the Dutch, as nothing but authoritarianism with its emphasis on strong executive power and suppression of individual rights, liberal democracy. This period ended with failures as parties clashed over their ideological, regional, and ethnic interests which led into cabinet reshuffles. The newly rising army was discontented with such party politics and began to cooperate with Sukarno, introducing new political formats touted as the revival of the spirits of 1945 and the implementation of the concepts of the family state.

In the campaign for the 1955 legislative election, nationalist parties such as the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) used Pancasila to distinguish themselves from the Islamic Masyumi Party as they feared that if Masyumi won the election, Islam would replace Pancasila as the basis of the nation. In the Constitutional Assembly, elected in 1955 to produce a permanent constitution to replace the 1950 Provisional Constitution, the parties organized themselves into factions depending on their preference for the national philosophy. The Pancasila Block had 53.3% of the seats, while the Islamic Block had 44.8%. The debate over which should prevail was not resolved through debate as on 5 July 1959 due to absolutist stances, President Sukarno dissolved the assembly by decree and reimposed the 1945 Constitution. As this included the Pancasila formulation, the Pancasila/Islam debate was ended. According to Sukarno, the Indonesian-style revolution meant a struggle for harmony among all groups, an achievement of a people who were prosperous and equal, all of whom were represented by the ideals of Pancasila. This remarked the introduction of Guided Democracy.

Suharto

After the collapse of Sukarno government, the Suharto's New Order emerged. After 30 September Movement and its aftermath, Suharto dissolved the Communist Party of Indonesia and cleared the parliament from the communists and Sukarno supporters. The New Order characterized by army dominance in government, centralized government, weakening democracy and press, and bureaucratic authoritarian regime. While denouncing Sukarno’s failed implementation of the Pancasila State, Suharto claimed that he would properly implement its principles by legalization.

Pancasila democracy endeavors to strike a balance between the interests of the individual and those of society. It seeks to prevent the oppression of the weak by the strong, whether by economic or political means. Therefore, we hold that Pancasila is a socio-religious society. Briefly its major characteristics are its rejection of poverty, backwardness, conflicts, exploitation, capitalism, feudalism, dictatorship, colonialism[,] and imperialism. This is the policy I have chosen with confidence.

— Suharto

The New Order administration of Suharto, the second President of Indonesia, strongly supported Pancasila. His government promoted the five principles as a key national ideology. They were outlined as representing the ancient wisdom of the Indonesian people, pre-dating the introduction of foreign religions such as Hinduism and Islam. In a July 1982 speech which reflected his attachment to Javanese beliefs, Suharto glorified Pancasila as a key to reach the perfect life (Javanese: ilmu kasampurnaning urip) of harmony with God and fellow men.

In 1978, Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution (Tap MPR No. 2/1978) on the Pancasila Appreciation and Practicing Guide (Pedoman Penghayatan dan Pengamalan Pancasila or P4) and later began a mandatory program to indoctrinate all Indonesians—from primary school students to office workers—for the application of the P4 and in living the national values. After initially being careful not to offend the sensitivities of Muslim scholars who feared that the Pancasila might develop into a quasi-religious cult, he secured another parliamentary resolution in 1983 (Tap MPR No. 11/1983) that officially made obedience to Pancasila mandatory to all organizations in Indonesia, public or private. In practice, the administration of Suharto exploited the vagueness of the Pancasila to justify its acts and to condemn opponents as "anti-Pancasila". Hence, Suharto forbade criticism that cause possible government instability and fall.

Reformation

Together with Suharto’s downfall, the Pancasila State apparatus, including the sole basis (asas tunggal) law, the linear perspective of the state-society relationship, and political, economic, and social behaviors based on Pancasila were all dropped. The end of New Order results in phobia on Pancasila, but Indonesia still maintains a consensus by declaring Pancasila as the nation's ideology. Despite such adjustment of Pancasila practice and implementation to the regime, Pancasila is the basis of Indonesia country and the nation's view of life. Such phobia leads to massive horizontal and vertical conflicts as people loses control and further leads into weakening of Indonesian foundation of unity and integrity. It also causes fading public awareness of Indonesia, disorientation of Indonesian, and moral destruction of Indonesian.

Hence, it is expected that Pancasila can be practiced correctly and adequately following the noble values of the Indonesian nation. Discourses on Pancasila has warmed and expanded again. Pancasila is an open space for the constructive interpretation of its meaning for life of the state and the nation. In the context of globalization today, which is characterized by multiculturality, the openness of the ideology of Pancasila also includes openness in accepting foreign cultural elements, as long as it does not conflict with the fundamental values of Pancasila. Pancasila discourse during reformation has been colored by political antagonism of between radical Islamism by bold statements such as “Pancasila is in contradiction with Islam” and “those who follow the Pancasila will perish” and secular nationalist who says that “Pancasila adalah harga mati” (Pancasila is non-negotiable; now and forever). However, Pancasila as an ideology has the potential to be misused if it is applied as tool for suppression or intimidation by the ruling regime. Despite that, it seemed that age-old concerns with respect to feuding groups resurfaced, and the state was susceptible to the intensifying conflicts in society. As the rise of transnational Islamist movements become a threat for national political elites and social harmony of society, Pancasila reawaked to counteract the negative influence of transnational Islamist movements.

In recent years, there has been a discourse that encourages the need to strengthen the practice of the values ​​of the five principles of Pancasila, considering that the values ​​of Pancasila are clearly no longer practiced and it tends to be naive to mention Pancasila in public, even sarcasm has arisen that Pancasila is a "non-existent" concept. The actualization of Pancasila is experiencing degradation due to internal and external pressures that have pushed the need for special-institutions to foster Pancasila values in Indonesia. The Pancasila Ideology Development Agency formed as a revitalization of the Presidential Unit of Pancasila Ideology Development and has a strategic role in coordinating the actualization of Pancasila.

Criticism

Shield of the Pancasila. The bull represents democracy, the tree national unity, the chain humanity, the rice and cotton social justice, and the star represents God.

Pancasila is criticized as lacks ‘a solid theoretical basis’ and is ‘too general, too broad, and too vague’. However, a scholar argue these qualities are not weaknesses of Pancasila but ‘exactly the key to its strength and effectiveness in dealing with the reality of diversity in Indonesia’. The foregoing kind of universalistic and exclusionary articulations of Pancasila indicates the ideology’s functioning as an empty signifier.

The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) has criticized the first sila because it does not include a right to atheism, i.e. a rejection of theistic belief. The IHEU argued that this enables a culture of repression against atheists and that, as long as Indonesian law only recognizes the religions of Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, and Islam, as well as both Catholic and Protestant Christianity, people who did not identify with any of them, including atheists, would "continue to experience official discrimination."

The ideal of Pancasila has not effectively translated into a functioning liberal democracy in Indonesia. Instead, Pancasila has become a symbol of Indonesian exceptionalism, embodying the nation's values and identity. Pancasila is open to abuse, which in this case was the invitation to criminalise all kinds of ideologies but Pancasila itself. The concept of the primacy of decision-making based on consensus (musyawarah mufakat) has been the perfect pretext for the repressive purposes by authoritarianism. Pancasila legitimises and preserves the status quo, especially when the religious grandees use it to urge the state to prosecute religious minorities, especially “heretics.” Pancasila legitimises the ambiguousness of the status of religion in public life by insistence on the supremacy of Pancasila as the primary source in regulating public life, which is, by definition, a rejection of state neutrality.

In 2018, the controversial Islamic Defenders Front leader Muhammad Rizieq Shihab was charged under 154a and 320 of the Criminal Code on insulting the state ideology and defamation. The charges were later dropped.

See also

• Armorial of Indonesia
• Constitution of Indonesia
• Pancasila economics
• National emblem of Indonesia

Works cited

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