The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry (Persian: نهضت ملی شدن صنعت نفت ایران) resulted from a movement in the Iranian parliament (Majlis) to seize control of Iran's oil industry, which had been run by private companies, largely controlled by foreign interests. The legislation was passed on March 15, 1951, and was verified by the Majlis on March 17, 1951. The legislation led to the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and the formation of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). The movement was led by Mohammad Mosaddegh, a member of the Majlis for the National Front and future prime minister of Iran. The movement to nationalize the oil industry was the reaction to the following concessions made by Iran to foreign powers: the Reuter concession of 1872, proceeding letter,D'Arcy Concession?] the 1933 agreement between the Iranian government and AIOC, and the Gas-golshaian[?] contract. According to the political scientist Mark J. Gasiorowski, the oil nationalization movement had two major results: the establishment of a democratic government and the pursuit of Iranian national sovereignty.[1]
Background
editFrom the time of the discovery of oil in Iran, foreign powers used force and exploited the weakness of the Iranian state to coerce it into concessions which allowed foreign companies to control oil extraction. The nationalization of the oil industry was the response to these foreign interventions. Particularly the following concessions:
- 1872 Reuter concession
- Proceeding letter[which?]
- 1933 Agreement between Iran and AIOC[2][3]
- 1949 Gass-Gulshaiyan Supplemental Oil Agreement[3]
Relations between Iran and AIOC were never smooth. In 1932 Iran considered expropriation. Tensions increased during the 1940s as British taxes increased while royalties to Iran declined. By 1948, Britain received substantially more revenue from AIOC than Iran. Negotiations to meet this and other Iranian concerns exacerbated rather than eased tensions.[4]
The competition to gain more control of the Iranian oil industry increased during World War II when the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States all became involved in Iranian affairs. When faced with demands from the oil companies of these three countries, the Iranian government announced that the issue would be decided after the war. After the war, no agreement was reached.[5]
Gholamhosein Rahimiyan[Full Name?], the member from Quchan in the 14th Majlis was the first who introduced a plan to nationalize the oil industry. However, this plan was never discussed.[5] On October 23, 1949, at home of Mohammad Mosaddegh and in the presence of twelve experts[who?] the National Front (political party) was established. It consisted of various political efforts whose joint objective was the protection of the rights of Iranian oil industry.[5]
Movement
edit
Mosaddegh (1882–1967) was an Iranian politician and the leader of the movement to nationalize Iran's oil industry.[6] He was educated in Europe, and joined politics after the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1907. He held multiple posts such as member of parliament, governor of the Fars province, finance minister, foreign minister, and prime minister.[7] In the election of the 14th Majlis in 1943, he was elected member for Tehran. Before gaining recognition as the leader of the national oil movement, he played a large role in the trans-Iranian railway project and the re-organization of the courts and the Justice Department.[1]
Event
editThe 16th Majlis consisted of some members from National Front such as Mosaddegh. Mosaddegh had sought to audit the documents of AIOC, in order to verify that AIOC was paying the contracted royalties to Iran, and to limit the company's control over Iranian oil reserves. AIOC refused to co-operate with the Iranian government.[when?][3] In November 1950, the rejection of the oil supplemental agreement was offered from oil committee of Majlis which was chaired by Mosaddegh. The prime minister at the time, Haj Ali Razmara, opposed the measure. On March 7, 1951, Razmara was murdered by Khalil Tahmasebi, a member of Fada'iyan-e Islam.[8] After the death of Razmara, the Majlis began the process of nationalizing the Iranian oil industry.[1][9]
On March 15, 1951, legislation to nationalize the oil industry was passed by the Majlis with a majority of votes. On March 17 the Majlis verified the nationalization of Iran oil industry and the AIOC was nationalized.[1][5]
Aftermath
editIn April, Mosaddegh was selected as prime minister by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi under immense pressure from the Majlis.[8]
In the aftermath of March 1951, the economic crisis worsened and Iranian oil was not bought by other countries. The Abadan Refinery, at the time one of the largest oil refineries in the world, was closed. The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry continued even through strong opposition from the United States and the United Kingdom.
In the first year of the nationalization, the only foreign sale of Iranian oil were 300 barrels to an Italian merchant ship. Foreign oil companies prevented any impacts of the Iranian withdrawal from being felt by consumer countries by increasing output elsewhere. Oil production was expanded by BP and ARAMCO in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq. Oil production in the Middle East increased by around 10% annually in 1951, 1952 and 1953. With Iranian oil production decreasing from 242 million barrels in 1950 to 10.6 million barrels in 1952, the loss of oil exports severely impacted the economy.[10]
In August 1953, the government of Mosaddegh was overthrown by a military coup d'état orchestrated by the United States Central Intelligence Agency and the British Secret Intelligence Service. Mosaddegh was sentenced to three years in prison and then kept under house arrest until his death in 1967.[11][12]
After the coup, the Iranian oil crisis ended and the AIOC did not succeed to stop production. The National Iranian oil company as an international consortium was founded and the AIOC was made a member. With the nationalization of the oil industry, British and American political influence continued for years after coup.[1]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Fadaee, Simin (2012). Social Movements in Iran: Environmentalism and Civil Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415693578.
- ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Oil Agreements in Iran". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
- ^ a b c Kressin, Wolfgang K. (May 1991). "Prime Minister Mossaddegh and Ayatullah Kashani From Unity to Enmity: As Viewed from the American Embassy in Tehran, June 1950 – August 1953" (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2013.
- ^ David S. Painter (1993), The United States, Great Britain, and Mossadegh (PDF), Wikidata Q98960655.
- ^ a b c d Golshani, Alireza; Jadidi, Ali. "Comparative Study of the Iran Oil Nationalization Movement and the Nuclear Energy within Rouzcronce and Kaplun's Theory" (PDF). ijsr. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
- ^ Hilsum, Lindsey (February 5, 2012). "Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup by Christopher de Bellaigue – review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ ADST (August 18, 2015). "The CIA's Coup Against Iran's Mohammad Mossadegh". huffingtonpost. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
- ^ a b Inc, Ibp (2015). Iran Country Study Guide. International Business Publications. ISBN 978-1514513675.
{{cite book}}:|last1=has generic name (help) - ^ Vassiliou, M. S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810859937.
- ^ McKern, Bruce (1993). Transnational Corporations and the Exploitation of Natural Resources, Volume 10. Routledge; Set Only edition. ISBN 978-0415085434.
- ^ The Modern Middle East:A Political History Since the First World War, University of California Press, January 3, 2011, by Mehran Kamrava, page 148
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2024). "Mohammad Mosaddeq". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
{{cite web}}:|last1=has generic name (help)
External links
edit- Mina, Parviz (July 20, 2004). "Oil Agreements in Iran (1901–1978): their history and evolution". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved December 26, 2017.