Melaleuca lanceolata commonly known as black paperbark, moonah, Rottnest Island teatree and western black tea tree is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is native to Australia where it occurs in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. It is a densely foliaged tree with rough bark, which flowers prolifically in summer.
| Black paperbark | |
|---|---|
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| Melaleuca lanceolata in Maranoa Gardens | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | Melaleuca |
| Species: | M. lanceolata
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| Binomial name | |
| Melaleuca lanceolata | |
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| Collections data for M. lanceolata from the Australasian Virtual Herbarium | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Description
editMelaleuca lanceolata is a large shrub or small tree growing up to 10 m (30 ft) tall, with rough, dark grey bark on a trunk that is often twisted and bent by the effects of wind. Its branchlets and leaves are covered with soft, silky hairs when young but become glabrous as they mature. The leaves are arranged alternately, 3.1–12.5 mm (0.1–0.5 in) long, 0.7–1.9 mm (0.03–0.07 in) wide, linear to narrow elliptic in shape with a concave upper surface.[2][3][4]
The flowers are white or cream coloured and arranged in spikes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering, sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. The spikes are up to 60 mm (2 in) long, 23 mm (0.9 in) in diameter and contain 3 to 12 groups of flowers in threes. The petals are 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.1 in) long and fall off as the flower ages. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flowers with 7 to 20 stamens per bundle. The flowering season is mainly in summer but flowers may also appear randomly through the year. The fruit that follow are smooth, almost spherical woody capsules 3–7.5 mm (0.1–0.3 in) long that are spaced along the branches.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy and naming
editMelaleuca lanceolata was first formally described in 1820 by Christoph Friedrich Otto in Horae Physicae Berolinensis.[5][6] The specific epithet (lanceolata) is a Latin word meaning "lancelike",[7] referring to the shape of the leaves.[2]
Four subspecies have been proposed for M. lanceolata - lanceolata, occidentalis, planifolia and thaeroides but Lyndley Craven suggested that "until the morphological and geographic limits of the morphs are more fully known, the complex is best treated as a single taxon". The four subspecies are recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.[2][8][9][10][11]
Distribution and habitat
editMelaleuca lanceolata occurs in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland in mallee or open woodland.[4] In Western Australia it is sometimes a garden escapee and has become established in bushland outside of its natural range. It is common on coastal dunes and cliffs but also inland where it grows near creeks and rivers.[12][13]
Conservation status
editThis species is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.[12]
Uses
editHorticulture
editThis is a free-flowering shrub or tree and is useful as an ornamental or maintenance free street tree. It is suitable as a screen or hedge.[14] It is hardy, resistant to salt spray and suited to most soils but needs full sun to reach its potential.[15]
Agriculture
editMoonah makes an excellent windbreak or shelterbelt or shade for stock. It is good for fence posts and the flowers are attractive to wildlife. The pollen has value in beekeeping.[14]
References
edit- ^ "Melaleuca lanceolata". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Brophy, Joseph J.; Craven, Lyndley A.; Doran, John C. (2013). Melaleucas : their botany, essential oils and uses. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp. 211–212. ISBN 9781922137517.
- ^ a b Holliday, Ivan (2004). Melaleucas : a field and garden guide (2nd ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Reed New Holland Publishers. pp. 154–155. ISBN 1876334983.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Peter G. "Melaleuca lanceolata". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney:PlantNet. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ Otto, Christoph Friedrich (1820). "Plantae rariores quae in Horto Regio Berolinensi a mense Ianuario ad ultimum Maium anni 1819 floruere". Horae Physicae Berolinensis: 36. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ "Melaleuca lanceolata". APNI. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 735.
- ^ "Melaleuca lanceolata subsp. lanceolata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ "Melaleuca lanceolata subsp. occidentalis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ "Melaleuca lanceolata subsp. planifolia". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ "Melaleuca lanceolata subsp. thaeroides". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b "Melaleuca lanceolata". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^ Messina, Andre. "Melaleuca lanceolata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Melaleuca lanceolata". Florabank. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1983). Australian native plants : a manual for their propagation, cultivation and use in landscaping (2 ed.). Sydney: Collins. ISBN 0002165759.