Wikipedia

Coptic Orthodox Church

"Coptic Church" redirects here. For the architectural style, see Coptic architecture. For church buildings, see Lists of Coptic church buildings. For an Eastern Catholic particular church, see Coptic Catholic Church.

The Coptic Orthodox Church (Coptic: Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, romanized: Ti-eklisia en-remenkimi en-orthodhoxos, lit. 'the Egyptian Orthodox Church'), also known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt. The head of the church and the See of Alexandria is the pope of Alexandria on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark, who also carries the title of Father of fathers, Shepherd of shepherds, Ecumenical Judge and the 13th among the Apostles.


Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ (Coptic)
الكنيسة القبطية الأرثوذكسية (Arabic)
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, Cairo, Egypt
ClassificationEastern Christian
OrientationOriental Orthodox
ScriptureSeptuagint, New Testament, Coptic versions
TheologyOriental Orthodox Theology
PolityEpiscopal
GovernanceHoly Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church
HeadPope Tawadros II
RegionEgypt, Libya, Sudan, Middle East, and diaspora
LanguageCoptic, Greek, Arabic, Dialectal Arabic, Tamazight (minority)
LiturgyCoptic Rite
HeadquartersSaint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, Cairo, Egypt
FounderSt. Mark the Evangelist (traditional)
Origin42 A.D
Alexandria, Egypt
SeparationsCoptic Catholic Church (1895)
British Orthodox Church (2015)
Members10 million[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
Other name(s)Coptic Church
Coptic Orthodox Church
Official websitehttps://copticorthodox.church/en
This article contains Coptic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Coptic letters.

The See of Alexandria is titular. The Coptic pope presides from Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in the Abbassia District in Cairo. The church follows the Coptic Rite for its liturgy, prayer and devotional patrimony. Adherents of the Coptic Orthodox Church make up Egypt's largest and most significant minority population, and the largest population of Christians in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).[1][2][3] They make up the largest share of the approximately 20 million Christians in Egypt.[8][9][10][11]

The Coptic Orthodox Church was established by Mark, an apostle and evangelist, during the middle of the 1st century (c. AD 42).[12] Due to disputes concerning the nature of Christ, the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church were in schism after the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, resulting in a conflict with the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria.[13]

After AD 639, Egypt was ruled by its Islamic conquerors from Arabia. In the 12th century, the church relocated its seat from Alexandria to Cairo. The same century also saw the Copts become a religious minority. During the 14th and 15th centuries, Nubian Christianity was supplanted by Islam. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the larger body of ethnic Egyptian Christians began to call themselves Coptic Orthodox, to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Copts and from the Eastern Orthodox, who are mostly Greek.[14] In 1959, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was granted autocephaly. This was extended to the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in 1998 following the successful Eritrean War of Independence from Ethiopia. Since the 2011 Egyptian revolution, Coptic Christians have suffered increased religious discrimination and violence.[15]

History

edit

Apostolic foundation

edit

According to tradition, the Coptic Church was founded by Mark the Evangelist c. AD 42, and regards itself as the subject of many prophecies in the Old Testament.[12]

Coptic language in the church

edit

The Coptic language is a universal language used in Coptic churches in every country. It descends from Ancient Egyptian and uses the Coptic alphabet, a script descended from the Greek alphabet with added characters derived from the Demotic script. Today, the Bohairic dialect of Coptic is used primarily for liturgical purposes.[16] Many of the hymns in the liturgy are in Coptic and have been passed down for many centuries. The language is used to preserve Egypt's original language, which was banned by the Arab invaders, who ordered Arabic to be used instead.[17] However, most Copts speak Arabic, the official language of Egypt.[16] Hence, Arabic is also used in church services nowadays. The service books, though written in Coptic, have the Arabic text in parallel columns.[14]

Catechetical School of Alexandria

edit

The Catechetical School of Alexandria is the oldest catechetical school in the world. Jerome records that the Christian School of Alexandria was founded by Mark himself.[18]

The theological college of the catechetical school was re-established in 1893.[19]

The school became a leading center of the allegorical method of biblical interpretation, espoused a rapprochement between Greek culture and Christian faith, and attempted to assert orthodox Christian teachings against heterodox views in an era of doctrinal flux.[20]

Role and participation in the ecumenical councils

edit

Council of Nicaea

edit
Main article: First Council of Nicaea

In the 4th century, an Alexandrian presbyter named Arius began a theological dispute about the nature of Christ that spread throughout the Christian world and is now known as Arianism. The Council of Nicea in AD 325 was convened by Emperor Constantine I after Pope Alexander I of Alexandria requested to hold a council to respond to heresies,[21] under the presidency of Hosius of Cordova to resolve the dispute. This eventually led to the formulation of the Symbol of Faith, also known as the Nicene Creed.[22]

Council of Constantinople

edit
Main article: First Council of Constantinople

In AD 381, Pope Timothy I of Alexandria presided over the second ecumenical council known as the First Council of Constantinople, to judge Macedonius, who denied the Divinity of the Holy Spirit. This council completed the Nicene Creed with this confirmation of the divinity of the Holy Spirit:

We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, who proceeds from the Father, who with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified who spoke by the Prophets and in One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic church. We confess one Baptism for the remission of sins and we look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the coming age, Amen[23]

Council of Ephesus

edit
Main article: Council of Ephesus
 
Coptic Icon in the Coptic Altar of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

Another theological dispute in the 5th century occurred over the teachings of Nestorius, the patriarch of Constantinople who taught that God the Word was not hypostatically joined with human nature, but rather dwelt in the man Jesus. As a consequence of this, he denied the title "Mother of God" (Theotokos) to the Virgin Mary, declaring her instead to be "Mother of Christ" Christotokos.[citation needed]

The council confirmed the teachings of Athanasius and confirmed the title of Mary as "Mother of God".[24] It also clearly stated that anyone who separated Christ into two hypostases was anathema, as Cyril had said that there is "One Nature for God the Word Incarnate" (Mia Physis tou Theou Logou Sesarkōmenē). The introduction to the creed is formulated as follows:[citation needed]

We magnify you O Mother of the True Light and we glorify you O saint and Mother of God (Theotokos) for you have borne unto us the Saviour of the world. Glory to you O our Master and King: Christ, the pride of the Apostles, the crown of the martyrs, the rejoicing of the righteous, firmness of the churches and the forgiveness of sins. We proclaim the Holy Trinity in One Godhead: we worship Him, we glorify Him, Lord have mercy, Lord have mercy, Lord bless us, Amen.[24]

Council of Chalcedon

edit
Main article: Council of Chalcedon
 
St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria

The church of Alexandria was part in communion with the rest of Christendom until the Council of Chalcedon.[16] When, in AD 451, Emperor Marcian attempted to heal divisions in the church, the response of Pope Dioscorus–the Pope of Alexandria who was later exiled–was that the emperor should not intervene in the affairs of the church. It was at Chalcedon that the emperor, through the imperial delegates, enforced harsh disciplinary measures against Pope Dioscorus in response to his boldness. In AD 449, Pope Dioscorus headed the 2nd Council of Ephesus, called the "Robber Council" by Chalcedonian historians. It held to the Miaphysite formula which upheld the Christology of "One Incarnate Nature of God the Word" (Greek: μία φύσις Θεοῦ Λόγου σεσαρκωμένη (mia physis Theou Logou sesarkōmenē)).[25][13]

In terms of Christology, the Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonians) understanding is that Christ is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate," of the full humanity and full divinity. The Chalcedonians' understanding is that Christ is recognized in two natures, full humanity and full divinity.[14] Oriental Orthodoxy contends that such a formulation is no different from what the Nestorians teach.[13]

From that point onward, Alexandria would have two patriarchs: the non-Chalcedonian native Egyptian one, now known as the Coptic pope of Alexandria and patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic See of St. Mark, and the Melkite or Imperial patriarch, now known as the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria.[26][13]

Almost the entire Egyptian population rejected the terms of the Council of Chalcedon and remained faithful to the native Egyptian Church (now known as the Coptic Orthodox Church).[27][28][29]

By anathematizing Pope Leo because of the tone and content of his tome, as per Alexandrine Theology perception, Pope Dioscorus was found guilty of doing so without due process; in other words, the Tome of Leo was not a subject of heresy in the first place, but it was a question of questioning the reasons behind not having it either acknowledged or read at the Second Council of Ephesus in AD 449. Pope Dioscorus of Alexandria was never labeled as a heretic by the council's canons. Copts also believe that the pope of Alexandria was forcibly prevented from attending the third congregation of the council from which he was ousted, apparently the result of a conspiracy tailored by the Roman delegates.[30]

Before the current positive era of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox dialogues, Chalcedonians sometimes used to call the non-Chalcedonians "Monophysites", though the Coptic Orthodox Church in reality regards Monophysitism as a heresy. The Chalcedonian doctrine in turn came to be known as "Dyophysite". A term that comes closer to Coptic Orthodoxy is Miaphysite, which refers to a conjoined nature for Christ, both human and divine, united indivisibly in the Incarnate Logos.[31][32]

From Chalcedon to the Arab conquest of Egypt

edit

Muslim conquest of Egypt

edit
 
Makurian wall painting depicting a Nubian bishop and Virgin Mary (11th century)

The Muslim invasion of Egypt took place in AD 639. Relying on eyewitness testimony, Bishop John of Nikiu in his Chronicle provides a graphic account of the invasion from a Coptic perspective. Although the Chronicle has only been preserved in an Ethiopic (Ge'ez) text, some scholars believe that it was originally written in Coptic.[33] John's account is critical of the invaders who he says "despoiled the Egyptians of their possessions and dealt cruelly with them",[34] and he details the atrocities committed by the Muslims against the native population during the conquest:

And when with great toil and exertion they had cast down the walls of the city, they forthwith made themselves masters of it, and put to the sword thousands of its inhabitants and of the soldiers, and they gained an enormous booty, and took the women and children captive and divided them amongst themselves, and they made that city a desolation.[35]

Though critical of the Muslim commander (Amr ibn al-As), who, during the campaign, he says "had no mercy on the Egyptians, and did not observe the covenant they had made with him, for he was of a barbaric race",[36] he does note that following the completion of the conquest, Amr "took none of the property of the Churches, and he committed no act of spoilation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days."[37]

Despite the political upheaval, the Egyptian population remained mainly Christian. However, gradual conversions to Islam over the centuries had changed Egypt from a Christian to a largely Muslim country by the end of the 12th century.[38] Another scholar writes that a combination of "repression of Coptic revolts", Arab-Muslim immigration, and Coptic conversion to Islam resulted in the demographic decline of the Copts.[39] Egypt's Umayyad rulers taxed Christians at a higher rate than Muslims, driving merchants towards Islam and undermining the economic base of the Coptic Church.[40] Although the Coptic Church did not disappear, the Umayyad tax policies made it difficult for the church to retain the Egyptian elites.[41]

Under Islamic rule (640–1800)

edit
 
Arabic Coptic Prayer book, 1760

In 969, Egypt entered the Fatimid dynasty (in Egypt from 969 to 1171), who adopted a largely favorable attitude toward the Christians. The major exception to this was the persecution led by Caliph al-Hakim between 1004 and 1013, which included clothing regulations, prohibition of publicly celebrating Christian festivals, and dismissal of Christian and Jewish functionaries. However, at the end of his reign al-Hakim rescinded these measures, allowing the Copts to regain privileged positions within the administration.[42]

The Coptic patriarchal residence moved from Alexandria to Cairo during the patriarchate of Cyril II (1078–92). This move was at the demand of the grand vizier Badr al-Jamali, who insisted that the pope establish himself in the capital.[42] When Saladin entered Egypt in 1163, this ushered in a government focused on defending Sunni Islam. Christians were again discriminated against, and meant to show modesty in their religious ceremonies and buildings.[42]

During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the Armenian millet.[43]

In 1798, the French invaded Egypt unsuccessfully and the British helped the Turks to regain power over Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty.[44]

From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution

edit

The position of Copts began to improve early in the 19th century under the stability and tolerance of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. The Coptic community ceased to be regarded by the state as an administrative unit. In 1855 the jizya tax was abolished by Sa'id Pasha.[45] Shortly thereafter, the Copts started to serve in the Egyptian army.[46]

 
Coptic monks, between 1898 and 1914

Towards the end of the 19th century, the Coptic Church underwent phases of new development. In 1853, Pope Cyril IV established the first modern Coptic schools, including the first Egyptian school for girls. He also founded a printing press, which was only the second national press in the country. The pope established very friendly relations with other denominations, to the extent that when the Greek Patriarch in Egypt had to absent himself from the country for a long period of time, he left his church under the guidance of the Coptic patriarch.[46]

The Theological College of the School of Alexandria was reestablished in 1893.[19] It began its new history with five students, one of whom was later to become its dean. Today it has campuses in Alexandria and Cairo, and in various dioceses throughout Egypt, as well as outside Egypt. It has campuses in New Jersey, Los Angeles, Sydney, Melbourne, and London, where potential clergymen and other qualified men and women study many subjects, including theology, church history, missionary studies, and the Coptic language.[46]

Present day

edit

In 1959, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was granted its first own Patriarch Abuna Basilios by Pope Cyril VI.[47] Furthermore, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church similarly became independent of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in 1994, when four bishops were consecrated by Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria to form the basis of a local Holy Synod of the Eritrean Church. In 1998, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church gained its autocephaly from the Coptic Orthodox Church when its first Patriarch was enthroned by Pope Shenouda III.[48]

Since the 1980s theologians from the Oriental (non-Chalcedonian) Orthodox and Eastern (Chalcedonian) Orthodox churches have been meeting in a bid to resolve theological differences, and have concluded that many of the differences are caused by the two groups using different terminology to describe the same thing.[49]

In the summer of 2001, the Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox patriarchates of Alexandria agreed to mutually recognize baptisms performed in each other's churches, making re-baptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other.[50]

In Tahrir Square, Cairo, on Wednesday 2 February 2011, Coptic Christians joined hands to provide a protective cordon around their Muslim neighbors during salat (prayers) in the midst of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution.[51]

Modern persecution

edit
Main article: Persecution of Copts

While Copts have cited instances of persecution throughout their history, Human Rights Watch has noted growing religious intolerance and sectarian violence against Coptic Christians in recent years, and a failure by the Egyptian government to effectively investigate properly and prosecute those responsible.[52][53] More than a hundred Egyptian copts were killed in sectarian clashes from 2011 to 2017, and many homes and businesses destroyed. In Minya, 77 cases of sectarian attacks on Copts between 2011 and 2016 were documented by the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights.[54] Coptic Christian women and girls are often abducted and disappear.[55][56]

In 2015, 21 men traveled to Libya to support their families.[57] There, they would be kidnapped and beheaded by the Islamic State in Libya.

Recent Church reforms

edit

Under Pope Shenouda, from 1971 to 2012, the church underwent a large transformation. Writing in 2013, the theologian Samuel Tadros stated "Today's Coptic Church as an institution is built solely on his vision".[58] For the first time in its history, the synod codified its internal laws. It also established numerous coptic institutions within and outside of Egypt. Shenouda raised the number of bishops from 26 to 117 and ordained hundreds of priests, which greatly reduced the influence of any one bishop. Shenouda also instituted a yearly meeting of the synod, which greatly expanded the number of laws governing the church. This included instituting church curriculums for the education of new priests, new deacons, and newly weds. For the first time in the Coptic Church's modern history, women could become ordained as deacons. The synod also adopted a model for community development, dramatically increasing the scope of community services provided by the church, including: hospitals, adult literacy schools, orphanages, libraries, and community centres. Much of this work was fuelled by donations from wealthy Coptic industrialists and Copts from abroad. Shenouda also held talks with the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, in an effort to promote ecumenism .[58] On 10 May 1973, Pope Shenouda visited the Vatican, where a joint Christological declaration was issued jointly by the Coptic Orthodox and Catholic churches.[59]

Pope Shenouda III also increased the Church's involvement in politics, seeing it as a way to advocate for the interest of Copts, during the rise of Islamism in Egypt and increase in terrorist attacks. The president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat ordered that Shenouda be put into exile in a Coptic Monastery far away from Cairo in 1981. This exile was short lived, ending when Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists a few months later. Under president Hosni Mubarak, Shenouda continued his political stance and often protested persecution of Copts by leaving Cairo and staying in seclusion, which often caused the regime to quickly address issues. Shenouda's political involvement drew criticism from some church members, including the prominent monk Father Matta El Meskeen.[60][61]

On 17 March 2012, the Coptic Orthodox Pope, Pope Shenouda III died, leaving many Copts mourning and worrying as tensions rose with Muslims. Pope Shenouda III constantly met with Muslim leaders in order to create peace. Many were worried about Muslims controlling Egypt as the Muslim Brotherhood won 70% of the parliamentary elections.[62][63] Shenouda's approach to church leadership has, in part, been adopted by the current patriarch. Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria maintains relations with the Egyptian government and other churches. However, while Shenouda was critical of the expanded influence of Protestant teaching and books in Coptic churches, Tawadros has increased ecumenical dialogue with several Protestant churches. Tawadros is also not as involved political protests and does not publicly criticize the Egyptian regime, often resorting to advocacy instead.[64]

In 2020, a woman in Florida accused a former priest of sexual assault when she was a minor. She claimed that he was defrocked in 2014, but continued presenting himself as a priest. In response, the synod issued a public statement disavowing him and instituted anti-abuse measures. Several diocese in North America and Europe, issued statements in support of sexual assault survivors.[65][58][66]

On 10 May 2023, Pope Tawadros visited the Vatican to celebrate Coptic Catholic Friendship day and the 50 year anniversary of the meeting between Pope Paul VI and Pope Shenouda. Pope Francis announced that the 21 Coptic Martyrs killed by ISIS in Libya in 2015 would be added to the Catholic Roman Martyrology. Pope Tawadros gifted relics from each of the 21 martyrs to the Vatican.[67]

Fasts, feasts, liturgy and canonical hours

edit
Main articles: Coptic Rite, Coptic monasticism, and Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church
 
The Agpeya is a breviary used in Coptic Orthodox Christianity to pray the canonical hours at seven fixed prayer times of the day, in the eastward direction.[68]

Communicants of the Coptic Orthodox Church use a breviary known as the Agpeya to pray the canonical hours at seven fixed prayer times while facing in the eastward direction, in anticipation of the Second Coming of Jesus; this Christian practice has its roots in Psalm 119:164, in which the prophet David prays to God seven times a day.[69][68][70] Church bells enjoin Christians to pray at these hours.[71] Before praying, they wash their hands and face to be clean before and present their best to God; shoes are removed to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.[69][72] During each of the seven fixed prayer times, Coptic Orthodox Christians pray "prostrating three times in the name of the Trinity; at the end of each Psalm … while saying the 'Alleluia';" and 41 times for each of the Kyrie eleisons present in a canonical hour.[72] In the Coptic Orthodox Church, it is customary for women to wear a Christian headcovering when praying.[73] The Coptic Orthodox Church observes days of ritual purification.[74][75] However, while meat that still contains blood after cooking is discouraged from being eaten, the Coptic Church does not forbid its members from consuming any particular type of food, unlike in Islam or Judaism.[76]

 
A modern Coptic cathedral in Aswan.

All churches of the Coptic Orthodox Church are designed to face the eastward direction of prayer and efforts are made to remodel churches obtained from other Christian denominations that are not built in this fashion.[77]

In Coptic Orthodox Christianity, fasting is defined as going without meat or dairy.[78] With respect to Eucharistic discipline, Coptic Orthodox Christians fast from midnight onwards (or at least nine hours) prior to receiving the sacrament of Holy Communion.[79] They fast every Wednesday and Friday of the year (Wednesdays in remembrance of the betrayal of Christ, and on Fridays in remembrance of His crucifixion and death).[79] In total, fast days in a year for Coptic Orthodox Christians numbers between 210 and 240. This means that Copts abstain from all animal products for up to two-thirds of each year.[79][80] The fasts for Advent and Lent are 43 days and 55 days, respectively.[79] In August, before the celebration of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Coptic Christians fast 15 days; fasting is also done before the feast of Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, starting from the day of Pentecost.[79][80] Married couples refrain from sexual relations during Lent "to give themselves time for fasting and prayer".[78]

Christmas has been a national holiday in Egypt since 2003. It is the only Christian holiday in Egypt.[81] Coptic Christmas, which usually falls on January 6 or 7 is a major feast. Other major feasts are Epiphany, Palm Sunday, Easter, Pentecost, Ascension, and Annunciation. These are known in the Coptic world as the Seven Major Feasts. Major feasts are always preceded by fasts. Additionally, the Coptic Orthodox Church also has Seven Minor Feasts: the Circumcision of the Lord, Entrance into the Temple, Entrance into Egypt, Transfiguration, Maundy Thursday, Thomas Sunday, and Great Lent.[16][81][82] Furthermore, there are several indigenous feasts of the Theotokos. There are also other feasts commemorating the martyrdom of important saints from Coptic history.[80]

Demographics

edit

Available Egyptian census figures and other third-party survey reports have not reported more than 4 million Coptic Orthodox Christians in Egypt.[1][2] However media and other agencies, sometimes taking into account the claims of the church itself, generally approximate the Coptic Orthodox population at 10% of the Egyptian population or 10 million people.[3][4][5] Egyptian Copts are the biggest Christian community in the Arab world. Estimates of their numbers vary, but generally range between 4.7 and 7.1 million.[83] The majority of them live in Egypt under the jurisdiction of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Since 2006, Egyptian censuses have not reported on religion and church leaders have alleged that Christians were under-counted in government surveys. In 2017, a government owned newspaper Al Ahram estimated the percentage of Copts at 10 to 15% and the membership claimed by the Coptic Orthodox Church is in the range of 20 to 25 million.[84][85][86][87]

There are also significant numbers in the diaspora outside Africa in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, France, and Germany. The exact number of Egyptian born Coptic Orthodox Christians in the diaspora is hard to determine and is roughly estimated to be close to 1 million.[88][89][90]

There are between 150,000 and 200,000 adherents in Sudan.[91][92]

Jurisdiction outside Egypt

edit
 
Jesus Christ in a Coptic icon

Besides Egypt, the Church of Alexandria has jurisdiction over all of Africa. The following autocephalous churches have strong historical ties to the Coptic Orthodox Church.

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

edit
Main article: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

Tradition holds that Ethiopia was first evangelized by St. Matthew and St. Bartholomew in the 1st century ce, and the first Ethiopian convert is thought to have been the eunuch in Jerusalem mentioned in The Acts of the Apostles (8:27–40). Ethiopia was further Christianized in the 4th century ce by two men (likely brothers) from Tyre—St. Frumentius.[93] Ever since the conversion of Ezana of Axum to Christianity by Frumentius in 325 AD, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has received its archbishops from the Coptic Orthodox Church.[94] Until the mid-twentieth century, the metropolitans of the Ethiopian church were ethnic Copts. Joseph II consecrated Archbishop Abuna Basilios as the first native head of the Ethiopian Church on 14 January 1951. In 1959, Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria crowned Abuna Basilios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia.[47]

Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church

edit
Main article: Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church

Following the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia in 1993, the newly independent Eritrean government appealed to Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria for Eritrean Orthodox autocephaly. In 1994, Pope Shenouda ordained Abune Phillipos as first Archbishop of Eritrea.[48]

Episcopal titles

edit
Main article: Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
 
Pope Shenouda III, the 117th Patriarch of Alexandria on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark the Evangelist (1971–2012).

Administration

edit
Main articles: The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and Dioceses of the Coptic Orthodox Church

The Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria is governed by its Holy Synod, which is headed by the Patriarch of Alexandria. Under his authority are the metropolitan archbishops, metropolitan bishops, diocesan bishops, patriarchal exarchs, missionary bishops, auxiliary bishops, suffragan bishops, assistant bishops, chorbishops and the patriarchal vicars for the Church of Alexandria.[citation needed]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (1 June 2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators". QScience Connect. 2013 (1). Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals: 22. doi:10.5339/connect.2013.22. ISSN 2223-506X.
  3. ^ a b c "Coptic Christianity in Egypt". Religion and Public Life. Harvard Divinity School. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?". CNN. 10 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2020. The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of Churches.
  5. ^ a b "Egypt". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020. The U.S. government estimates the population at 99.4 million (July 2018 estimate). Most experts and media sources state that approximately 90 percent of the population is officially designated as Sunni Muslims and approximately 10 percent is recognized as Christian (estimates range from 5 to 15 percent). Approximately 90 percent of Christians belong to the Coptic Orthodox Church, according to Christian leaders.
  6. ^ UK, Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO). "Country Profile: The Arab Republic of Egypt". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Excluded and Unequal". The Century Foundation. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020. Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ "Egyptian Coptic protesters freed". BBC. 22 December 2004.
  9. ^ "?". United Copts of Great Britain. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  10. ^ "?". العربية.نت. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  11. ^ Khairi Abaza; Mark Nakhla (25 October 2005). "The Copts and Their Political Implications in Egypt". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  12. ^ a b Meinardus, Otta Friedrich August (1999). "The Coptic Church: Its History, Traditions, Theology, and Structure.". Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. American University in Cairo Press. p. 28. ISBN 9789774247576. JSTOR j.ctt15m7f64.
  13. ^ a b c d Meinardus, Otto F. A. (1 October 2002). Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-61797-263-8. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  14. ^ a b c "Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria-Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  15. ^ Matt Rehbein (10 April 2017). "Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d "Coptic Christians-Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  17. ^ "الأقباط متحدون – اللغة القبطية". Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  18. ^ "The School of Alexandria – Part I – An Introduction to the School of Alexandria". Copticchurch.net. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  19. ^ a b Attia, Fr Matthew (6 July 2015). "The Catechetical School of Alexandria". Become Orthodox. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  20. ^ "Didymus The Blind | Alexandrian Scholar, Biblical Exegete & Church Father | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  21. ^ "مجمع نيقية المقدس 325 م. | St-Takla.org". st-takla.org. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  22. ^ Carroll 1987, p. 11
  23. ^ Hay, Jeff (6 March 2009). World Religions. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-7377-4627-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  24. ^ a b Nash, John F. (14 February 2008). Christianity: the One, the Many: What Christianity Might Have Been and Could Still Become Volume 1. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-1-4628-2571-4. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  25. ^ Apollinaris of Laodicea (1904). "Πρὸς Ἰοβιανόν". In Lietzmann, Hans (ed.). Apollinaris von Laodicea und seine Schule: Texte und Untersuchungen (in German and Greek). Mohr Siebeck Verlag. p. 251.
  26. ^ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria.
  27. ^ "Egypt". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire"
  28. ^ Olupona, Jacob K. (2014). African Religions: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-979058-6. OCLC 839396781.
  29. ^ "Theodosius Of Alexandria". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 May 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  30. ^ Romanides, John S. Leo of Rome's Support of Theodoret Archived 1 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ Winkler 1997, p. 33-40.
  32. ^ Brock 2016, p. 45–52.
  33. ^ Pummer, Reinhard (2002). Early Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism: Texts, Translations and Commentary (Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism). pp. 377–378.
  34. ^ Charles, Robert H (1913). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Chapter CXV: paragraph 7.
  35. ^ Charles, Robert H (1913). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Chapter CXVIII: paragraph 12.
  36. ^ Charles, Robert H (1913). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Chapter CXX: paragraph 36.
  37. ^ Charles, Robert H (1913). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text, Chapter CXXI: paragraph 3.
  38. ^ Kamil, Jill (1997). Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Cairo: American University in Cairo.
  39. ^ O'Sullivan, Shaun (2006). "Coptic Conversion and the Islamization of Egypt" (PDF). Mamluk Studies Review: 65–79. doi:10.6082/M16Q1VB4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 October 2013.
  40. ^ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchange in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 93.
  41. ^ Jerry Bentley, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Encounters and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 93.
  42. ^ a b c Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5: Eastern Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–403. ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  43. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4008-6558-1.
  44. ^ Partrick, Theodore Hall (1996). Traditional Egyptian Christianity: History of the Coptic Orthodox Church. North Carolina: Fisher Park Press.
  45. ^ Rowberry, Ryan; Khalil, John (2010). "A Brief History of Coptic Personal Status Law". Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law. 3: 81–139. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  46. ^ a b c "Saint George Coptic Church". Suscopts.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  47. ^ a b Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013). Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia. Scarecrow Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8108-7457-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  48. ^ a b Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 993. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  49. ^ Growth in Agreement II. Reports and Agreed Statements of Ecumenical Conversations at World Level 1982–1998, ed. Jeffrey Gros, FSC, Harding Meyer, William G. Rusch, WCC and Michigan. World Council of Churches. 2000.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  50. ^ "Pastoral Agreement between the Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Patriarchates of Alexandria". Orthodox Unity (Orthodox Joint Commission). 2001. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  51. ^ Christians protect Muslims during prayer in Cairo's dangerous Tahrir square, Nevine Zaki, 3 February 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2011
  52. ^ Egypt and Libya: A Year of Serious Abuses Archived 4 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 24 January 2010
  53. ^ Zaki, Moheb (18 May 2010). "Egypt's Persecuted Christians". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  54. ^ Eltahawy, Mona (22 December 2016). "Egypt's Cruelty to Christians". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  55. ^ United States. Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (18 July 2012). Escalating Violence Against Coptic Women and Girls: Will the New Egypt be More Dangerous than the Old? : Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, July 18, 2012. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  56. ^ "Masress : Sectarian tensions rise in wake of crime boss death". Masress. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
  57. ^ "The 21 Martyrs of Libya: Videotaped Instanteous Sainthood – Literature – Resources". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  58. ^ a b c Tadros, Samuel (15 September 2013). "The Coptic Church in peril: The Islamization of Egypt and the end of Egyptian Christianity". ABC Religion & Ethics. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  59. ^ "joint christological declaration".
  60. ^ "How a bishop's murder could change Egypt's Coptic church". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  61. ^ "Fr Matta El Meskeen". The Independent. 27 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  62. ^ Fahim, Kareem (20 March 2012). "Coptic Pope Shenouda III's Death Adds to Fears in Egypt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022.
  63. ^ "Muslim Brotherhood Sweeps Up Over One-Third of Votes in Egyptian Elections". HuffPost. 4 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  64. ^ "Politics Stymie Religious Reform in Egypt's Coptic Church".
  65. ^ "Coptic Church strips alleged paedophile priest of clerical status". The National. 19 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  66. ^ "For Coptic Church, changes, questions after priest ouster". Associated Press News. 7 October 2020.
  67. ^ "50th anniversary of Coptic-Catholic Friendship day". 11 May 2023.
  68. ^ a b Dawood, Bishoy (8 December 2013). "Stand, Bow, Prostrate: The Prayerful Body of Coptic Christianity". The Clarion Review. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. Standing facing the East is the most frequent prayer position. ... This is further emphasized in the fact that Copts pray facing the East, waiting for the return of Jesus in glory; his return as the enthroned Pantocrator is portrayed in the iconography that is placed before the worshippers.
  69. ^ a b Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney (1906). A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Methuen. p. 399. Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ "Prayers of the Church". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  71. ^ "What is the relationship between bells and the church? When and where did the tradition begin? Should bells ring in every church?". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  72. ^ a b Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). "Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?". Aleteia. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  73. ^ Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010). Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions. Universal-Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-59942-877-2.
  74. ^ Ian Bradley (2 November 2012). Water: A Spiritual History. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-6767-5.
  75. ^ H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. University Press of America. p. 19. ISBN 9780761835011. The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.
  76. ^ "Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States - Q&A". suscopts.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  77. ^ Kalleeny, Tony. "Why We Face the East". Orlando: St Mary and Archangel Michael Church. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  78. ^ a b Samaan, Moses (9 April 2009). "The Meaning of the Great Lent". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii. Retrieved 10 March 2024. The Church teaches us to fast until sunset. Fish is not allowed during this period. Also married couples should refrain from physical relations to give themselves time for fasting and prayer (1 Cor. 7: 5). We would like to emphasize the importance of the period of strict abstention during fasting. It is refraining from eating and drinking for a period of time, followed by eating vegetarian food.
  79. ^ a b c d e Farag, Lois M. (23 October 2013). The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture. Routledge. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-1-134-66684-3. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  80. ^ a b c Johnson, Maxwell E.; Alexopoulos, Stefanos (5 February 2022). Introduction to Eastern Christian Liturgies. Liturgical Press. pp. 150–153. ISBN 978-0-8146-6380-6. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  81. ^ a b Meinardus, Otto F. A. (2006). Christians in Egypt : Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant Communities Past and Present. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-977-424-973-0. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  82. ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  83. ^ "Copts in Egypt". Minority Rights Group. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  84. ^ "Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  85. ^ "Egypt's Coptic Bishop Morcos: We need to build 4,000 churches in next 10 years". Al Arabiya English. 2 March 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  86. ^ "Twenty-Three Million Coptic Christians in Egypt, Says Authority". Raymond Ibrahim. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  87. ^ Youssef, Abdel Rahman (30 September 2012). "Egyptian Copts: It's All in the Number". Al-Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  88. ^ "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020. In the United States, Canada and Australia, the majority of Egyptian-born residents are Christian, but the estimated total size of the Egyptian-born Christian populations in these countries is approximately 160,000.
  89. ^ Marzouki, Nadia. "The U.S. Coptic Diaspora and the Limit of Polarization" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2019. The exact number of Copts living in the United States is a matter of debate. Estimates range from 91,200 to 750,000. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  90. ^ Washington DC, The George Washington University. "General Findings: Coptic Diaspora Survey". As with most diasporas, the Coptic diasporans estimate their numbers to be much higher than official estimates, even higher than the estimates of all Egyptian national immigrants. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  91. ^ Hassan, Abdel Salaam (1995). "The Copts" (PDF). In Verney, Peter (ed.). Sudan: Conflict and minorities. Minority Rights Group International. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  92. ^ "The Copts: Passive Survivors under Threat" (PDF). Africa Watch. 5 (3): 1. 10 February 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  93. ^ "Britannica Academic".
  94. ^ Hancock, Graham (1992). The Sign and the Seal. p. 239.

Bibliography

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coptic Orthodox Church.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coptic_Orthodox_Church&oldid=1262591888"