Bahasa Burushaski

Bahasa Burushaski
بُرُݸشَسکݵ Burúśaski

Dipakay bak	Jolma Burusho
Jumlah Panutur	130 ribu
Wilayah	Pakistan rik India
Kaluwarga Basa	Basa Subik • Bahasa Burushaski
Huruf	Arab
Status
Resmi di
Diatur bak
Status Basa	Lokok tipakay
Kode Basa


ISO 639-3	bsk

Basa Burushaski joda da basa subik say dituturko Jolma Burusho di Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan rik India.

Huruf

Transliterasi	IPA	Bontuk				Unicode	Catatan
Transliterasi	IPA	Posay	Uncuk	Tongah	Pangkal	Unicode	Catatan
- / A a / U u / I i	[∅] ([a][u][i])	ا‎	-	-	ا‎	U+0627	Letter alif at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters (اݸ‎) [o], (او / اُو‎) [óo][úu], (اݹ / اُݹ‎) [oó][uú], (اِیـ / اِی‎) [íi], (اِݶـ / اِݶ‎) [ií], (اݵـ / اݺ‎) [e], (ایـ / اے‎) [ée], or (اݶـ / اݻ‎) [eé]. Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of three short vowels of Burushaski, اَ‎ [a], (اُ‎) [u], and (اِ‎) [i].
Áa áa	[aː˥˩]	آ / ا‎	ـا‎	-	آ‎	U+0622 U+0627	Vowel phoneme [aː˥˩] (long vowel [a] with a falling tone) is represented with (آ‎) when at the beginning of a word, and with (ـا / ا‎) when in the middle or end of a word.
a	[a]	ݳ‎	ـݳ‎	-	-	U+0773	Only occurs at the end of the word. Elsewhere, the short vowel [a] is represented with a zabar/fatha diacritic (اَ / ◌َ / ـَ‎). Alternatively, a final he letter (ه / ـہ‎) can also be used for a word-final short vowel [a]
Aá aá	[aː˨˦]	ݴ‎	ـݴ‎	-	ݴ‎	U+0774	Vowel phoneme [aː˨˦] represents a long vowel [a] with a rising tone.
B b	[b]	ب‎	ـب‎	ـبـ‎	بـ‎	U+0628
P p	[p]	پ‎	ـپ‎	ـپـ‎	پـ‎	U+067e
T t	[t̪]	ت‎	ـت‎	ـتـ‎	تـ‎	U+062a
Ṭ ṭ	[ʈ]	ٹ‎	ـٹ‎	ـٹـ‎	ٹـ‎	U+0679
S s	[s]	ث‎	ـث‎	ـثـ‎	ثـ‎	U+062b	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
J j	[[d͡ʑ] ~ [ʑ]]	ج‎	ـج‎	ـجـ‎	جـ‎	U+062c
Ć ć	[t͡ɕ]	چ‎	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎	U+0686
H h	[h]	ح‎	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎	U+062d	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
Ċh ċh	[t͡sʰ]	ݼ‎	ـݼ‎	ـݼـ‎	ݼـ‎	U+077C	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small Urdu number 4 ie ۴‎, in place of 4 dots. However, the letter ڇـ ـڇـ ـڇ ڇ‎ is also an acceptable alternative.
Qh qh	[[qʰ]~[qχ]~[χ]]	خ‎	ـخ‎	ـخـ‎	خـ‎	U+062e
C̣ c̣	[ʈ͡ʂ]	څ‎	ـڅ‎	ـڅـ‎	څـ‎	U+0685	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
D d	[d]	د‎	ـد‎	-	-	U+062f
Ḍ ḍ	[ɖ]	ڈ‎	ـڈ‎	-	-	U+0688
Z z	[z]	ذ‎	ـذ‎	-	-	U+0630	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
Ċ ċ	[t͡s]	ڎ‎	ـڎ‎	-	-	U+068E	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
R r	[r]	ر‎	ـر‎	-	-	U+0631
Ṛ ṛ	[ɽ]	ڑ‎	ـڑ‎	-	-	U+0691	No word begins with this letter.
Z z	[z]	ز‎	ـز‎	-	-	U+0632
Ż ż	[[d̠͡ʐ]~[ʐ]]	ژ‎	ـژ‎	-	-	U+0698
S s	[s]	س‎	ـس‎	ـسـ‎	سـ‎	U+0633
Ś ś	[ɕ]	ش‎	ـش‎	ـشـ‎	شـ‎	U+0634
Ṣ ṣ	[ʂ]	ݽ‎	ـݽ‎	ـݽـ‎	ݽـ‎	U+077D	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small Urdu number 4 ie ۴‎, in place of 4 dots. However, the letter ݜـ ـݜـ ـݜ ݜ‎ is also an acceptable alternative.
S s	[s]	ص‎	ـص‎	ـصـ‎	صـ‎	U+0635	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
Z z	[z]	ض‎	ـض‎	ـضـ‎	ضـ‎	U+0636	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
C̣h c̣h	[ʈ͡ʂʰ]	ڞ‎	ـڞ‎	ـڞـ‎	ڞـ‎	U+069E	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
T t	[t]	ط‎	ـط‎	ـطـ‎	طـ‎	U+0637U	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
Z z	[z]	ظ‎	ـظ‎	ـظـ‎	ظـ‎	U+0638	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
-	[∅]/[ʔ]	ع‎	ـع‎	ـعـ‎	عـ‎	U+0639	Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
Ġ ġ	[[ɣ]~[ʁ]]	غ‎	ـغ‎	ـغـ‎	غـ‎	U+063a
F f	[[pʰ]~pf~[f]]	ف‎	ـف‎	ـفـ‎	فـ‎	U+0641	Only used in loanwords of foreign origin.
Q q	[q]	ق‎	ـق‎	ـقـ‎	قـ‎	U+0642
K k	[k]	ک‎	ـک‎	ـکـ‎	کـ‎	U+06a9
Ṅ ṅ	[ŋ]	ݣ‎	ـݣ‎	ـݣـ‎	ݣـ‎	U+0763	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. No word begins with this letter.
G g	[ɡ]	گ‎	ـگ‎	ـگـ‎	گـ‎	U+06af
L l	[l]	ل‎	ـل‎	ـلـ‎	لـ‎	U+0644
M m	[m]	م‎	ـم‎	ـمـ‎	مـ‎	U+0645
N n	[n]	ن‎	ـن‎	ـنـ‎	نـ‎	U+0646
Ṇ ṇ	[◌̃]	ں ‎	ـں ‎	ـنـ‎	نـ‎	U+06BA	No word begins with this letter.
W w / Óo óo / Úu úu	[w][oː˥˩][uː˥˩]	و‎	ـو‎	-	او / و‎	U+0648	This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant [w], or long vowels with falling tone, [oː˥˩], and [uː˥˩]. In order for this letter to represent vowel [u] and not [o], the letter before will have to carry a pesh/damma diacritic (◌ؙو / ـُو‎). If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [w], it will be written standalone (و‎), if representing a vowel [oː˥˩] or [uː˥˩], it will be preceded by alif (او / اُو‎). For [u], alef will carry the pesh/damma diacritic.
O o / u	[o][u]	ݸ‎	ـݸ‎	-	اݸ‎	U+0778	This letter represents short vowel [o]. When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif اݸ‎. In a final position, this letter also represents short vowel [u], with the preceding letter carrying a pesh/damma diacritic (◌ؙݸ / ـُݸ‎).
Oó oó / Uú uú	[oː˨˦][uː˨˦]	ݹ‎	ـݹ‎	-	اݹ‎	U+0779	This letter represents vowel phonemes [oː˨˦] and [uː˨˦], long vowels [o] and [u] with a rising tone. When representing [u], the preceding letter will have to carry a pesh/damma diacritic (◌ؙݹ / ـُݹ‎). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif (اݸ / اُݸ‎). For [u], alef will carry the pesh/damma diacritic.
H h	[h]	ہ‎	ـہ‎	ـہـ‎	ہـ‎	U+06C1	At the end of the word, depending on context, this letter can represent the consonant [h] or the short vowel [a]. For a word-final vowel, an alef with superscript "2" (ݳ / ـݳ‎) can also be used.
H h	[◌ʰ]/[◌ʱ]	ھ‎	ـھ‎	ـھـ‎	ھـ‎	U+06BE	No word begins with this letter. Not a standalone letter, its only function is to be part of digraphs representing aspirated consonants.
Ỵ ỵ	[ɻ]	ݷ‎	ـݷ‎	ـݷـ‎	ݷـ‎	U+0777	Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet. No word begins with this letter. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small Urdu number 4 ie ۴‎, in place of 4 dots. However, a letter ye with 4 dots below (x18px x18px x18px x18px) is also an acceptable alternative.
Y y	[ʔ]	ئ‎	ـئ‎	ـئـ‎	ئـ‎	U+0626	No word begins with this letter.
Y y / Ée ée / Íi íi	[j][eː˥˩][iː˥˩]	ی‎	ـی‎	ـیـ‎	ایـ / یـ‎	U+06CC	This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant [j], or long vowels with falling tone, [eː˥˩], and [iː˥˩]. In order for this letter to represent vowel [i] and not [e], the letter before will have to carry a zer/kasra diacritic (◌ِیـ / ـِیـ‎). If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant [j], it will be written standalone (یـ‎), if representing a vowel [eː˥˩] or [iː˥˩], it will be preceded by alif (ایـ / اِیـ‎). For [i], alef will carry the zer/kasra diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel [e]. Instead, the letter big ye (ے‎) is used.
E e / i	[e][i]	ݵ‎	-	ـݵـ‎	اݵـ‎	U+0775	This letter represents short vowel [e]. When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif اݵـ‎. In a final position, this letter represents short vowel [i]. For writing short vowel [e] in final position, the letter big ye with a superscript "2" (ݺ‎) is used.
Eé eé / Ií ií	[eː˨˦][iː˨˦]	ݶ‎	ـݶ‎	ـݶـ‎	اݶـ‎	U+0779	This letter represents vowel phonemes [eː˨˦] and [iː˨˦], long vowels [e] and [i] with a rising tone. When representing [i], the preceding letter will have to carry a zer/kasra diacritic (◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ‎). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by alif اݶـ / اِݶـ‎. For [i], alef will carry the zer/kasra diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel [e]. Instead, the letter big ye with a superscript "3"' (ݻ‎) is used.
ée	[eː˥˩]	ے‎	ـے‎	-	-	U+06D2	This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with falling tone [eː˥˩].
e	[e]	ݺ‎	ـݺ‎	-	-	U+077A	This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents short vowel [e].
eé	[eː˨˦]	ݻ‎	ـݻ‎	-	-	U+077B	This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with rising tone [eː˨˦].

Ngahombus

Tabol di bah sa anjajakko, kombinasi huruf konsonan rik huruf he nyangkiluk (ھ)‎say ngawakilko konsonan ngahombus say uwat dilom Bahasa Burushaski.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Digraf	Transkripsi	IPA
پھ	ph	[pʰ]
تھ	th	[tʰ]
ٹھ	ṭh	[ʈʰ]
چھ	ćh	[t͡ɕʰ]
کھ	kh	[kʰ]

Vokal

Tabol di bah ho anjajakko sanipa huruf vokal titulis di bumacom-ragom bagiyan kata.

Vokal Buntak
A	O	U	E	I
Vokal di awal kata
اَ‎	اݸ‎	اُ‎	اݵـ‎	اِ‎
Vokal di tongah kata
◌َ‎	ݸ / ـݸ‎	◌ُ‎	ݵـ / ـݵـ‎	◌ِ‎
Vokal di akhir kata
ݳ / ـݳ‎ ہ / ـہ‎	ݸ / ـݸ‎	◌ُ / ◌ُݸ / ـُݸ‎	ݺ / ـݺ‎	ݵ / ـݵ‎

Vokal tijang, nada niyak ˥˩
Áa	Óo	Úu	Ée	Íi
Vokal di awal kata
آ‎	او‎	اُو‎	ایـ‎	اِیـ‎
Vokal di tongah kata
ا / ـا‎	و / ـو‎	◌ُو / ـُو‎	یـ / ـیـ‎	◌ِیـ / ـِیـ‎
Vokal di akhir kata
ا / ـا‎	و / ـو‎	◌ُو / ـُو‎	ے / ـے‎	ی / ـی‎

Vokal tijang, nada cakak ˨˦
Aá	Oó	Uú	Eé	Ií
Vokal di awal kata
ݴ‎	اݹ‎	اُݹ‎	اݶـ‎	اِݶـ‎
Vokal di tongah kata
ݴ / ـݴ‎	ݹ / ـݹ‎	◌ُݹ / ـُݹ‎	ݶـ / ـݶـ‎	◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ‎
Vokal di akhir kata
ݴ / ـݴ‎	ݹ / ـݹ‎	◌ُݹ / ـُݹ‎	ݻ / ـݻ‎	ݶ / ـݶ‎

Rujukan

↑ Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama b-u-dict-vol1
↑ Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama b-u-dict-vol2
↑ Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama b-u-dict-vol3

[b-u-dict-vol1-1] Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama b-u-dict-vol1

[b-u-dict-vol2-2] Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama b-u-dict-vol2

[b-u-dict-vol3-3] Kasalahan dilom pangutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama b-u-dict-vol3

[1]

[2]

[3]