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Ethnic groups in Afghanistan

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Ethnic groups in Afghanistan as of 1997

Afghanistan is a multiethnic and mostly tribal society. The population of the country consists of numerous ethnolinguistic groups: mainly the Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, and Uzbek, as well as the minorities of Aimaq, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashai, Nuristani, Gujjar, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, Moghol, and others.[1][2][3][4] Altogether they make up the Afghan people.

The former Afghan National Anthem and the Afghan Constitution (before 2021) each mention fourteen of them.[5]

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Fertility rate by Ethnic origins

Fertility Rate in Afghanistan by Ethnic Group (1950-2023)[6] [7]
Year Afghanistan (Overall) Pashtuns Tajiks Hazaras Uzbeks Turkmens Localized Arabs Indo-Aryans (Pashayis, Nuristanis, etc.) Localized Soviets Others
1950 7.25 8.30 7.55 7.85 7.70 7.65 6.80 7.40 - 4.10
1960 7.28 Increase 8.28 Decrease 7.48 Decrease 7.72 Decrease 7.64 Decrease 7.62 Decrease 6.75 Decrease 7.35 Decrease - 4.00 Decrease
1970 7.40 Increase 8.25 Decrease 7.52 Increase 7.81 Increase 7.68 Increase 7.66 Increase 6.80 Increase 7.42 Increase - 3.95 Decrease
1980 7.64 Increase 8.35 Increase 7.60 Increase 7.88 Increase 7.74 Increase 7.73 Increase 6.90 Increase 7.50 Increase - 3.85 Decrease
1990 7.58 Decrease 8.20 Decrease 7.58 Decrease 7.72 Decrease 7.66 Decrease 7.69 Decrease 6.82 Decrease 7.45 Decrease 2.30 Decrease 3.80 Decrease
1995 7.77 Increase 8.32 Increase 7.66 Increase 7.85 Increase 7.75 Increase 7.78 Increase 6.88 Increase 7.58 Increase 2.95 Increase 3.77 Decrease
2000 7.57 Decrease 7.95 Decrease 7.38 Decrease 7.50 Decrease 7.40 Decrease 7.36 Decrease 6.65 Decrease 7.32 Decrease 3.25 Increase 3.62 Decrease
2010 5.12 Decrease 6.45 Decrease 5.15 Decrease 5.55 Decrease 5.45 Decrease 5.40 Decrease 4.80 Decrease 5.20 Decrease 3.10 Decrease 3.30 Decrease
2015 5.25 Increase 6.60 Increase 5.25 Increase 5.60 Increase 5.50 Increase 5.45 Increase 4.30 Decrease 5.30 Increase 2.90 Decrease 2.80 Decrease
2023 5.40 Increase 6.75 Increase 5.35 Increase 5.80 Increase 5.70 Increase 5.60 Increase 4.28 Decrease 5.45 Increase 2.85 Decrease 2.77 Decrease

National identity

Further information: Afghans, Afghan (ethnonym), Afghan identity card, and Name of Afghanistan

The term "Afghan" is synonymous with the ethnonym "Pashtun", but in modern times the term became the national identity of the people, who live in Afghanistan.[8][9]

The national culture of Afghanistan is not uniform, at the same time, the various ethnic groups have no clear boundaries between each other and there is much overlap.[10] Additionally, ethnic groups are not racially homogenous. Ethnic groups in Afghanistan have adopted traditions and celebrations from each other and all share a similar culture. For example, Nauruz is a New Year festival celebrated by various ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

Larger ethnic groups

Pashtuns

Further information: Pashtuns, Pashtun tribes, and Theories of Pashtun origin
Pashtuns of Afghanistan

The Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan.[11] The exact numbers vary; according to the Library of Congress Country Studies' estimate of 1996, Pashtuns made up 40% of Afghanistan's population. More recent estimates vary between 42% in 2013[12] and 52.4% in 2023.[13] The majority of Pashtuns practice Sunni Islam.[14] After the rise of the Hotaki dynasty in 1709 and the Durrani Empire in 1747, Pashtuns expanded by forming communities in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan.[15]

There are conflicting theories about the origin of the Pashtun people, both among historians and the Pashtun themselves. A variety of ancient groups with eponyms similar to Pukhtun have been hypothesized as possible ancestors of modern Pashtuns. Since the 3rd century AD and onward they are mostly referred to by the ethnonym "Afghan", a name believed to be given to them by neighboring Persian people.[16] Some believe that ethnic Afghan is an adaptation of the Prakrit ethnonym Avagana, attested in the 6th century CE.[8] It was used to refer to a common legendary ancestor known as "Afghana", asserted to be grandson of King Saul of Israel.[17]

Tajik

Further information: Tajiks, Farsiwan, and List of Tajik people
Tajiks of Afghanistan

The Tajiks are a Persian-speaking ethnic group.[18] Historically, Tajiks were not considered to be a distinct ethnic group[19] but rather a collection of several sedentary Sunni Muslims who spoke a Persian dialect as their mother tongue.[20] The Tajiks usually refer to themselves by the region, province, city, town, or village that they are from rather than by tribes,[21] for example: Badakhshi, Baghlani, Mazari, Panjsheri, Kabuli, Herati, Kohistani, etc.[21][22][23] Alternative names for the Tajiks are Fārsīwān[19] (Persian-speaker) and historically Dīhgān (cf. Tajik: Деҳқон, romanized: Dehqon, literally "farmer or settled villager", in a wider sense "settled" in contrast to "nomadic").[24] Tajiks are mainly descended from Bactrians and Sogdians, and are native to Northern Afghanistan, as they have continually inhabited the region for many millennia.[25]

Tajiks are considered the second-largest group in Afghanistan.[26] While it is estimated that they make up about 37% of the population of Afghanistan in 2019;[27] they made up 25.3% of Afghanistan's population in 1996,[28] and the Encyclopædia Britannica explains that by the early 21st century they constituted about one-fifth (i. e. 20%) of the population.[20][29] It is important to note that all of these numbers are unreliable as there is no official census in Afghanistan.[30]

Hazara

Further information: Hazaras, List of Hazara tribes, Aimaq Hazara, and List of Hazara people
A Hazara girl in Afghanistan

The Hazaras are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan and a principal component to their population.[31][32] They reside in all parts of Afghanistan, mainly in the Hazarajat region in central Afghanistan. Linguistically the Hazaras speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of the Persian language. Dari is the official language of Afghanistan and Hazaragi is closely related to Dari.[33] They practice Islam, mostly Shi'a, with a significant Sunni minority, and some Isma'ili.[34] According to Library of Congress Country Studies in 1996, Hazaras made up 18% of country's population.[14]

Some notable Hazaras of Afghanistan include: Abdul Ali Mazari, Commander Shafi Hazara, Sadiqi Nili, Ismael Balkhi, Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Abdul Wahed Sarābi, Karim Khalili, Habiba Sarābi, Sarwar Danish, Sima Samar, Ramazan Bashardost, Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan, Abdul Haq Shafaq, Sayed Anwar Rahmati, Qurban Ali Urozgani, Azra Jafari, Ahmad Shah Ramazan, Muhammad Mohaqiq, Ahmad Behzad, Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili, Abbas Noyan, Fahim Hashimi, Rohullah Nikpai, Hamid Rahimi, Mohammad Ebrahim Khedri, Wakil Hussain Allahdad, and Dawood Sarkhosh.

Uzbek

Further information: Uzbeks, List of Uzbeks, and Afghan Turkestan
Uzbeks of Afghanistan

The Uzbeks are one of the main Turkic ethnic group in Afghanistan, whose native territory is in the northern regions of the country. Most likely the Uzbeks migrated with a wave of Turkic invaders and intermingled with local Iranic tribes over time to become the ethnic group they are today. The Uzbeks of Afghanistan are predominantly Sunni Muslims and fluent in Southern Uzbek.[35] Uzbeks living in Afghanistan were estimated in the 1990s at approximately 1.3 million[28] but are believed to be 2 million in 2011.[36]

Some notable Uzbeks of Afghanistan include: Azad Beg, Alhaj Mutalib Baig, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Suraya Dalil, Husn Banu Ghazanfar, Delbar Nazari, Abdul Rauf Ibrahimi, Muhammad Yunus Nawandish, Sherkhan Farnood, Abdul Majid Rouzi, Rasul Pahlawan, and Abdul Malik Pahlawan.

Smaller ethnic groups

Aimaq

Further information: Aimaq people and Aimaq Hazara

The Aimaqs, Aimaq meaning "tribe" or "group of tribes" in Turkic-Mongolic (Oymaq),[37] is not an ethnic denomination, but differentiates semi-nomadic herders and agricultural tribal groups of various ethnic origins including the Hazara, Tajik, and others, that were formed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[38] They live among non-tribal people in the central and western highlands of Afghanistan, especially in Badghis, Ghor, and Herat provinces. They practice Sunni Islam, speak the Dari and Aimaqi dialects of Persian, and refer to themselves with tribal designations.[39]

Turkmen

Further information: Turkmens, Afghan Turkmens, Turkmen tribes, and Afghan Turkestan
Turkmen girl and baby in Afghanistan

The Turkmens are a smaller Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Afghanistan. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims, and their origins are similar to that of the Uzbeks. Unlike the Uzbeks, however, the Turkmens are traditionally a nomadic people (though they were forced to abandon this way of life in Turkmenistan itself under Soviet rule).[35] In the 1990s their number was put at around 200,000.[28]

Baloch

Further information: Baloch of Afghanistan, Baloch people, and List of Baloch tribes
Balochs of Afghanistan

The Baloch people are speakers of the Balochi language who are mostly found in and around the Balochistan region of Afghanistan. In the 1990s their number figure was put at 100,000 but they are around 200,000 today.[28] Mainly pastoral and desert dwellers, the Baloch people of Afghanistan are predominantly Sunni Muslims. Abdul Karim Brahui the former Governor of Nimruz province, is an ethnic Baloch.[citation needed]

Pashayi

Further information: Pashayi people
A Pashai boy wearing a pakol

The Pashayi are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group[40] living primarily in eastern Afghanistan. They are mainly concentrated in the northern parts of Laghman and Nangarhar, also parts of Kunar, Kapisa, Parwan, Nuristan, and a bit of Panjshir. Their total population is estimated to be 400,000.[41]

Nuristani

Further information: Nuristanis, Kalash people, and Nuristani languages
A Nuristani girl in Afghanistan

The Nuristanis are an Indo-Iranian people, representing a third independent branch of the Aryan peoples (Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Nuristani), who live in isolated regions of northeastern Afghanistan as well as across the border in the district of Chitral in Pakistan. They speak a variety of Nuristani languages. Better known historically as the Kafirs of what was once known as Kafiristan (land of pagans). In the mid-1890s, after the establishment of the Durand Line when Afghanistan reached an agreement on various frontier areas to the British Empire for a period of time, Abdur Rahman Khan conducted a military campaign in Kafiristan and followed up his conquest with forced conversion of the Kafirs to Islam;[42][43] the region thenceforth being known as Nuristan, the "Land of Light".[44][45][46][47] Before their conversion, the Nuristanis practiced a form of ancient Hinduism.[48][49][50] Non-Muslim religious practices endure in Nuristan today to some degree as folk customs. In their native rural areas, they are often farmers, herders, and dairymen. The population in the 1990s was estimated at 125,000 by some; the Nuristani prefer a figure of 300,000.[28]

The Nuristan region has been a prominent location for war scenes that have led to the death of many indigenous Nuristanis.[51][52] Nuristan has also received abundance of settlers from the surrounding Afghanistan regions due to the borderline vacant location.[53][54]

Pamiri

Further information: Pamiris

Pamiris are people who speak the Pamiri languages. Pamiris share close linguistic, cultural and religious ties with the people in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, the Sarikoli speakers in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang Province in China and the Wakhi speakers in Afghanistan and Pakistan. They practice predominantly Nizari Isma'ili Shia Islam. The Pamiri people have their own distinctive styles of dress, which can differentiate one community from the next. The styles of hats are especially varied: one can spot someone from the Wakhan, as opposed to from Ruhshon or Shugnon valleys, based solely on headwear.[55]

Kurd

Further information: Kurds and Kurdish tribes

Kurds have been coming to Afghanistan at different times and lived there. Another large wave of Kurdish migration into Afghanistan was the continuation of their migration from Iranian Kurdistan to greater Khorasan during the Afsharid dynasty.[56][page needed][57][58][failed verification] Two main groups formed Nader Shah's army. The first was a group of Shahsevan Turks who were in charge of warfare and combat, and the second was a group of Kurds who served as a backup for Nader's army.[57][better source needed] Although the majority of Afghan Kurds are descendants from the Kurds brought to fight the Mongols, or the descendants of the Kurds who migrated to Afghanistan, or the descendants of Kurds loyal to Nader Shah, a significant amount came in the 1980s to fight in the Soviet–Afghan War to fight against the Soviets.[59] Afghan Kurds today are mostly assimilated, yet acknowledge that they are Kurds, most of them speak Dari as their first language, and only a few Kurdish speakers exist among them.[60][failed verification][better source needed] They follow Sunni Islam and mainly live in the cities of Herat, Ghazni, Mazar-i-Sharif, and Kabul.[58][failed verification] Kurds in Afghanistan number 312,000 people.[61]

Gujar

Further information: Gujars, Gurjar clans, and List of Gurjars

The Gujar people are a tribal group who have lived in Afghanistan for centuries. According to the Afghanistan news agency Pajwok Afghan News, there are currently an estimated 1.5 million Gujar people residing in the country.[62][63] The Gujar people are predominantly inhabit in the northeastern regions of Afghanistan, including Kapisa, Baghlan, Balkh, Kunduz, Takhar, Badakhshan, Nuristan, Laghman, Nangarhar, and Khost. They have a distinct culture and way of life.[62][63]

The old Afghanistan constitution recognised 14 ethnic groups officially with the Gujar ethnic group being one of them.[62][64][63] Many Gujar tribal people in Afghanistan are deprived of their rights and their living conditions are poor. The Gujar in Afghanistan have sometimes been internally displaced in the past by illegal militias, during 2018 around 200 Gujar families were displaced from their homes in Farkhar district in Takhar province.[62][65] During the corona virus pandemic, the Gujar people in the northeastern province of Badakhshan used Andak meat to treat the corona virus, due to lack of clinics and other health facilities in their areas. The Gujar Tribe Council deemed the meat of the Andak animal as Haram, however many Gujar people in the area said they had no choice.[63]

In the past Gujar tribal leaders have met with the previous President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai. The Gujar elders demanded schools and hospitals to be built in their areas and the Afghan government give scholarships to Gujar students to study abroad.[66]

Kyrgyz

Further information: Kyrgyz people

The Kyrgyz population of Afghanistan was 1,130 in 2003, all from the eastern Wakhan District in the Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan. They live a nomadic lifestyle.[67]

Others

More small groups include the Moghol, Ormur, Wakhi, Sindhi, Hindkowan, Punjabi, Peripatetic groups, and others.

In September 2021, Zablon Simintov left Afghanistan, and thus the Afghan Jewry came to its end.[68]

Distribution

Of the major ethnicities, the geographic distribution can be varied. Still, there are generally certain regions where one of the ethnic groups tend to dominate the population. Pashtuns are highly concentrated in southern Afghanistan and parts of the east, but nevertheless large minorities exist elsewhere.[69] Tajiks are highly concentrated in the north-east but also form large communities elsewhere such as in western Afghanistan.[70] Hazaras tend to be mostly concentrated in the wider "Hazarajat" region of central Afghanistan,[71] while Uzbeks are densely populated in the north.[72] Some places are very diverse: the city of Kabul, for example, has been considered a "melting pot" where large populations of the major ethnic groups reside, albeit traditionally with a distinct "Kabuli" identity.[73][74] The provinces of Ghazni, Kunduz, Kabul, and Jowzjan are noted for remarkable ethnic diversity.[71]

Ethnic composition

Ethnic groups of Afghanistan by district relative to the population density in 2020

The population of Afghanistan was estimated in 2023 at 41.6 million.[75] An additional 3 million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring Pakistan and Iran, most of whom were born and raised in those two countries. This makes the total Afghan population around 44.6 million, and its current growth rate is 2.33%.[75]

While there are no reliable statistics post-2004,[76] an approximate distribution of the ethnic groups is shown in the chart below:

Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic group Image 2023 estimate based on native mother tongue[13] Pre-2021 estimates
[77][9][78][12][29][79] 		Pre-2004 estimates
[79][28][80] 		Pre-1992 estimates
[81][82][79] 		Pre-1973 estimates[79]
Pashtun Children in Khost province 52.4% 37–60%
≈48.5% 		38–62%
≈50% 		50–70%
≈60% 		55–60%
≈57.5%
Tajik Tajik children in Khowahan district of Badakhshan 32.1%[A] 20–39%
≈29.5% 		12–28%
≈20% 		20–35%
≈27.5% 		20–30%
≈25%
Hazara Hazara people on the anniversary of Abdul Ali Mazari's death in 2021 in Kabul 6–13%
≈9.5% 		7–19%
≈13% 		5–10%
≈7.5% 		3–7%
≈5%
Uzbek Uzbek looking boy in northern Afghanistan 8.8% 5–9%
≈7% 		6–14%
≈10% 		5–10%
≈7.5% 		3–8%
≈5.5%
Aimaq – 0–4%
≈2% 		– – –
Turkmen 1.9% 1–3%
≈2% 		2–2.5%
≈2.25% 		– –
Baloch Camera focusing on Baloch 0.9% 0–3%
≈1.5% 		– – –
Others (Pashai, Nuristani, Brahui, Qizilbash, Pamiri, Gujjar, and etc) Young Pashai man 3.9% 0–4%
≈2% 		1–12%
≈6.5% 		0–5%
≈2.5% 		0–4%
≈2%
  1. ^ This number represents Dari Persian native speakers including Tajiks, Hazaras, Aimaqs, Qizilbash, and other smaller ethnicities.

The recent estimate in the above chart is somewhat supported by the below national opinion polls, which were aimed at knowing how a group of about 804 to 8,706 local residents in Afghanistan felt about the current war, political situation, as well as the economic and social issues affecting their daily lives. Ten surveys were conducted between 2004 and 2015 by the Asia Foundation (a sample is shown in the table below; the survey in 2015 did not contain information on the ethnicity of the participants) and one between 2004 and 2009 by a combined effort of the broadcasting companies NBC News, BBC, and ARD.[83][9]

Answers regarding ethnicity provided by 804 to 13,943 Afghans in national opinion polls
Ethnic group "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2004)[9]
"A survey of the Afghan people" (2004)[11] 		"Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2005)[9] "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2006)[9] "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2007)[9] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2007)[11] "Afghanistan: Where Things Stand" (2009)[9] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2012)[11] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2014)[11] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2018)[11] "A survey of the Afghan people" (2019)[11]
Pashtun 46% 40% 42% 38% 40.1% 40% 40% 40% 37% 39%
Tajik 39% 37% 37% 38% 35.1% 37% 33% 36% 37% 37%
Hazara 6% 13% 12% 6% 10.0% 11% 11% 10% 10% 11%
Uzbek 6% 6% 5% 6% 8.1% 7% 9% 8% 9% 8%
Aimaq 0% 0% 0% 0% 0.8% 0% 1% 1% 1% <0.5%
Turkmen 1% 1% 3% 2% 3.1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
Baloch 0% 0% 0% 3% 0.7% 1% 1% 1% 1% <0.5%
Others (Pashayi, Nuristani, Kurdish, Qizilbash) 3% 3% 1% 5% 2.1% 3% 3% 2% 2% 3%
Don't know -% -% -% -% -% -% -% -% 1% -%

What is noticeable is that the percentage of Tajiks is noticeably higher across the board in these polls in comparison to the estimations of The World Factbook, World Data etc., while the number of Pashtuns and Aimaqs tends to get underrepresented.

See also

References

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  47. ^ 'The pacification of the country was completed by the wholly gratuitous conquest of a remote mountain people in the north-east, the non-Muslim Kalash of Kafiristan (Land of the Unbelievers), who were forcibly converted to Islam by the army. Their habitat was renamed Nuristan (Land of Light).' Angelo Rasanayagam, Afghanistan: A Modern History, I.B. Tauris, 2005, p.11
  48. ^ Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 205. ISBN 9781610690188. Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called imr'o or imra by the Nuristani tribes.
  49. ^ Barrington, Nicholas; Kendrick, Joseph T.; Schlagintweit, Reinhard (18 April 2006). A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland. I.B. Tauris. p. 111. ISBN 9781845111755. Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.
  50. ^ Weiss, Mitch; Maurer, Kevin (31 December 2012). No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan. Berkley Caliber. p. 299. ISBN 9780425253403. Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.
  51. ^ Hauner, M. (1991). The Soviet War in Afghanistan. United Press of America.
  52. ^ Ballard; Lamm; Wood (2012). From Kabul to Baghdad and back: The U.S. at war in Afghanistan and Iraq.
  53. ^ "Nuristan a Safe Passage for Taliban to Enter North and North-Eastern Parts of Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  54. ^ "Land and property disputes in Eastern Afghanistan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  55. ^ "The Pamiris: People on the Roof of the World". Paramount Journey. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  56. ^ Tanner, Stephen (2002). Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban. DA CAPO Press. ISBN 0-306-81233-9.
  57. ^ a b "کُردهای افغانستان – کوردستان و کورد".
  58. ^ a b smarttech, Mirwais Farahi. ""کُردهای افغانستان"". aiss.af.
  59. ^ Martin, Gus (15 June 2011). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition. SAGE. p. 48. ISBN 9781412980166.
  60. ^ "Typology of Iran Nomads". Iran Nomad Tours. 28 September 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  61. ^ "ERROR". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  62. ^ a b c d Afghan News, Pajhwok (January 2021). "Govt has long ignored our problems, needs: Gujars". Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  63. ^ a b c d Hamdard, Azizullah (January 2021). "Gujars use Andak meat for coronavirus treatment". Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  64. ^ "Afghanistan Recognizes Long Forgotten Ethnic Tatar Community". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  65. ^ "Gujar tribesmen forcibly evicted from Takhar homes". February 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  66. ^ "Karzai assures to consider Gujar tribe demands". September 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  67. ^ Estrin, James (4 February 2013). "A Hard Life on the 'Roof of the World'". The New York Times.
  68. ^ "Afghanistan's last Jew leaves after Taliban takeover". AP News. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  69. ^ Firdous, Tabassum (2002). Central Asia, Security, and Strategic Imperatives. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178350790.
  70. ^ "Tajikistan and Afghanistan". Institute for the Study of War.
  71. ^ a b https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=senior_seminar [bare URL PDF]
  72. ^ https://info.publicintelligence.net/MCIA-AfghanCultures/Uzbeks.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  73. ^ "The Significance of Taking Kabul". ABC News.
  74. ^ D, Hamid Hadi M. (24 March 2016). Afghanistan's Experiences: The History of the Most Horrifying Events Involving Politics, Religion, and Terrorism. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-5049-8614-4.
  75. ^ a b "Afghanistan Population (2023) - Worldometer". www.worldometers.info. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  76. ^ "Afghanistan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  77. ^ See:
  78. ^ Brown, Keith; Sarah Ogilvie (2009). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Elsevie. p. 845. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7. Retrieved 7 April 2012. Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.
  79. ^ a b c d https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/40616/Mobasher_washington_0250E_17869.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [bare URL]
  80. ^ "PEOPLE – Ethnic divisions". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agencyu. University of Missouri. 22 January 1993. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2011. Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others
  81. ^ "The World Factbok – Afghanistan". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency. University of Missouri. April 1981. Retrieved 12 December 2024. Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi and others […] Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai)[,] much bilingualism
  82. ^ "The World Factbok – Afghanistan". The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency. University of Missouri. 15 October 1991. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011. Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik, 9% Uzbek, 12-15% Hazara[,] minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others […] Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism
  83. ^ See:
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