skip to main content
10.1145/3666025.3699328acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagessensysConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Boosting Collaborative Vehicular Perception on the Edge with Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

Published: 04 November 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Collaborative Vehicular Perception (CVP) enables connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) to cooperatively extend their views through wirelessly sharing their sensor data. Existing CVP systems employ either a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) view exchange paradigm. In this paper, we advocate a hybrid CVP design: our developed system, Harbor, employs V2I as its fundamental underlying framework, and opportunistically employs V2V to boost the performance. In Harbor, vehicles (helpers) may serve as relays to assist other vehicles (helpees) in reaching an edge node, which performs sensor data merging to produce the extended view. We judiciously partition the workload between the edge and vehicles, develop a robust helper-helpee assignment model, and solve it efficiently at runtime. We conduct both real-world tests and large-scale emulation experiments using two prevailing CAV applications: drivable space detection and object detection. Our real-world evaluation conducted at one of the world's first purpose-built autonomous driving testbeds demonstrates that Harbor outperforms state-of-the-art V2V- or V2I-only CVP schemes by up to 36% in detection accuracy, resulting in significantly fewer collisions under dangerous driving scenarios.

References

[1]
2013. Tesla Model S software release notes v5.8. https://www.tesla.com/sites/default/files/blog_attachments/software_update_5.8.pdf.
[2]
2013. The KITTI benchmark suite. https://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_object.php?obj_benchmark=3d.
[3]
2015. AT&T and Audi to Wirelessly Connect all 2016 Model Year Vehicles. https://about.att.com/story/att_and_audi_to_wirelessly_connect_all_2016_model_year_vehicles.html.
[4]
2016. Mercedes-Benz mbrace. https://www.mbusa.com/vcm/MB/DigitalAssets/pdfmb/mbraceservicebrochures/1527_MBfactsheet_0814_KH_v2.pdf.
[5]
2019. Intersection over Union (IoU). https://cocodataset.org/#detection-eval.
[6]
2019. Study shows autonomous vehicles can help improve traffic flow. https://phys.org/news/2018-02-autonomous-vehicles-traffic.html.
[7]
2020. Autonomous vehicles for safety. https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety.
[8]
2020. Fatality Analysis Reporting System. https://www.nhtsa.gov/crash-data-systems/fatality-analysis-reporting-system.
[9]
2020. OxTS RT3000 v3 GPS+IMU system. https://www.oxts.com/products/rt3000-v3/.
[10]
2021. AT&T Maps - Wireless Coverage. https://www.att.com/maps/wireless-coverage.html.
[11]
2021. CARLA: Open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. https://carla.org/.
[12]
2021. Draco 3D Graphics Compression. https://google.github.io/draco/.
[13]
2021. FCC Mobile Broadband Maps. https://www.fcc.gov/BroadbandData/MobileMaps.
[14]
2021. Linux Kernel v5.8. https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/v5.8.
[15]
2021. Mininet-WiFi: Emulator for Software-Defined Wireless Networks. https://github.com/intrig-unicamp/mininet-wifi.
[16]
2021. Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) Dataset. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/trafficanalysistools/ngsim.html.
[17]
2021. Share GPS. http://jillybunch.com/sharegps/.
[18]
2021. T-Mobile Coverage Map. https://www.t-mobile.com/coverage/coverage-map/.
[19]
2021. Velodyne LiDAR HDL-32E sensor. https://velodynelidar.com/products/hdl-32e/.
[20]
2021. Velodyne LiDARHDL-64E. https://www.velodynelidar.com/hdl-64e.html.
[21]
2021. Verizon Coverage Map. https://www.verizon.com/coverage-map/.
[22]
2021. ZED Stereo Camera. https://www.stereolabs.com/zed/.
[23]
2022. Baidu Apollo. https://www.apollo.auto/.
[24]
2022. Cohda Wireless OBU Solution. https://www.cohdawireless.com/solutions/mk6/.
[25]
2023. Mcity - University of Michigan. https://mcity.umich.edu/.
[26]
2024. NVIDIA AGX Systems. https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/deep-learning-ai/products/agx-systems/.
[27]
Daniel Aguayo, John Bicket, Sanjit Biswas, Glenn Judd, and Robert Morris. 2004. Link-level measurements from an 802.11 b mesh network. In Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications. 121--132.
[28]
Faez Ahmed, John P Dickerson, and Mark Fuge. 2017. Diverse weighted bipartite b-matching. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.07134 (2017).
[29]
Ganesh Ananthanarayanan, Venkata N Padmanabhan, Lenin Ravindranath, and Chandramohan A Thekkath. 2007. Combine: leveraging the power of wireless peers through collaborative downloading. In MobiSys. ACM.
[30]
Ian D Chakeres and Elizabeth M Belding-Royer. 2004. AODV routing protocol implementation design. In 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2004. Proceedings. IEEE, 698--703.
[31]
Qi Chen, Xu Ma, Sihai Tang, Jingda Guo, Qing Yang, and Song Fu. 2019. F-cooper: Feature based cooperative perception for autonomous vehicle edge computing system using 3D point clouds. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing. 88--100.
[32]
Qi Chen, Sihai Tang, Qing Yang, and Song Fu. 2019. Cooper: Cooperative perception for connected autonomous vehicles based on 3d point clouds. In 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 514--524.
[33]
Amit Chougule, Vinay Chamola, Aishwarya Sam, Fei Richard Yu, and Biplab Sikdar. 2023. A Comprehensive review on limitations of autonomous driving and its impact on accidents and collisions. IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology (2023).
[34]
Thomas Clausen, Philippe Jacquet, Cédric Adjih, Anis Laouiti, Pascale Minet, Paul Muhlethaler, Amir Qayyum, and Laurent Viennot. 2003. Optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR). (2003).
[35]
Jiaxun Cui, Hang Qiu, Dian Chen, Peter Stone, and Yuke Zhu. 2022. COOPER-NAUT: End-to-End Driving with Cooperative Perception for Networked Vehicles. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 17252--17262.
[36]
Sandeep D'souza, Heiko Koehler, Akhilesh Joshi, Satyam Vaghani, and Ragunathan Rajkumar. 2019. Quartz: time-as-a-service for coordination in geo-distributed systems. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE Symposium on Edge Computing. 264--279.
[37]
Mohammed Elbadry, Fan Ye, and Peter Milder. 2024. Wireless Multicast Rate Control Adaptive to Application Goodput and Loss Requirements. In 2024 IEEE/ACM Ninth International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI). IEEE, 25--36.
[38]
Martin A Fischler and Robert C Bolles. 1981. Random sample consensus: a paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Commun. ACM 24, 6 (1981), 381--395.
[39]
Alexander Frickenstein, Manoj-Rohit Vemparala, Jakob Mayr, Naveen-Shankar Nagaraja, Christian Unger, Federico Tombari, and Walter Stechele. 2020. Binary DAD-Net: Binarized driveable area detection network for autonomous driving. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2295--2301.
[40]
Offer Grembek, Alex Kurzhanskiy, Aditya Medury, Pravin Varaiya, and Mengqiao Yu. 2019. Making intersections safer with I2V communication. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 102 (2019), 396--410.
[41]
Ahmad Hassan, Arvind Narayanan, Anlan Zhang, Wei Ye, Ruiyang Zhu, Shuowei Jin, Jason Carpenter, Z. Morley Mao, Feng Qian, and Zhi-Li Zhang. 2022. Vivisecting Mobility Management in 5G Cellular Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (SIGCOMM '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 86--100.
[42]
Yuze He, Li Ma, Zhehao Jiang, Yi Tang, and Guoliang Xing. 2021. VI-eye: Semantic-based 3D point cloud registration for infrastructure-assisted autonomous driving. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 573--586.
[43]
Shengtuo Hu, Qi Alfred Chen, Jiwon Joung, Can Carlak, Yiheng Feng, Z Morley Mao, and Henry X Liu. 2020. Cvshield: Guarding sensor data in connected vehicle with trusted execution environment. In Proceedings of the Second ACM Workshop on Automotive and Aerial Vehicle Security. 1--4.
[44]
Shuowei Jin, Ruiyang Zhu, Ahmad Hassan, Xiao Zhu, Xumiao Zhang, Z Morley Mao, Feng Qian, and Zhi-Li Zhang. 2024. OASIS: Collaborative Neural-Enhanced Mobile Video Streaming. In Proceedings of the 15th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference. 45--55.
[45]
Anand Kashyap, Samrat Ganguly, and Samir R Das. 2007. A measurement-based approach to modeling link capacity in 802.11-based wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking. 242--253.
[46]
Lorenzo Keller, Anh Le, Blerim Cici, Hulya Seferoglu, Christina Fragouli, and Athina Markopoulou. 2012. Microcast: Cooperative video streaming on smartphones. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services. 57--70.
[47]
John B Kenney. 2011. Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) standards in the United States. Proc. IEEE 99, 7 (2011), 1162--1182.
[48]
Swarun Kumar, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Dina Katabi. 2012. A cloud-assisted design for autonomous driving. In Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing. 41--46.
[49]
Swarun Kumar, Lixin Shi, Nabeel Ahmed, Stephanie Gil, Dina Katabi, and Daniela Rus. 2012. Carspeak: a content-centric network for autonomous driving. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 42, 4 (2012), 259--270.
[50]
Alex H Lang, Sourabh Vora, Holger Caesar, Lubing Zhou, Jiong Yang, and Oscar Beijbom. 2019. Pointpillars: Fast encoders for object detection from point clouds. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 12697--12705.
[51]
Chenglin Li, Hongkai Xiong, Junni Zou, and Dapeng Oliver Wu. 2017. Joint dynamic rate control and transmission scheduling for scalable video multirate multicast over wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 20, 2 (2017), 361--378.
[52]
Yang Li, Hao Lin, Zhenhua Li, Yunhao Liu, Feng Qian, Liangyi Gong, Xianlong Xin, and Tianyin Xu. 2021. A nationwide study on cellular reliability: Measurement, analysis, and enhancements. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference. 597--609.
[53]
Yiming Li, Dekun Ma, Ziyan An, Zixun Wang, Yiqi Zhong, Siheng Chen, and Chen Feng. 2022. V2X-Sim: Multi-agent collaborative perception dataset and benchmark for autonomous driving. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 7, 4 (2022), 10914--10921.
[54]
Hansi Liu, Pengfei Ren, Shubham Jain, Mohannad Murad, Marco Gruteser, and Fan Bai. 2019. FusionEye: Perception Sharing for Connected Vehicles and its Bandwidth-Accuracy Trade-offs. In 2019 16th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON). IEEE, 1--9.
[55]
Qiang Liu, Tao Han, Jiang Linda Xie, and BaekGyu Kim. 2021. LiveMap: Realtime dynamic map in automotive edge computing. In IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 1--10.
[56]
Guiyang Luo, Chongzhang Shao, Nan Cheng, Haibo Zhou, Hui Zhang, Quan Yuan, and Jinglin Li. 2023. Edgecooper: Network-aware cooperative lidar perception for enhanced vehicular awareness. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (2023).
[57]
Wassim G Najm, Raja Ranganathan, Gowrishankar Srinivasan, John D Smith, Samuel Toma, Elizabeth D Swanson, August Burgett, et al. 2013. Description of light-vehicle pre-crash scenarios for safety applications based on vehicle-to-vehicle communications. Technical Report. United States. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety ….
[58]
Arvind Narayanan, Eman Ramadan, Rishabh Mehta, Xinyue Hu, Qingxu Liu, Rostand AK Fezeu, Udhaya Kumar Dayalan, Saurabh Verma, Peiqi Ji, Tao Li, et al. 2020. Lumos5g: Mapping and predicting commercial mmwave 5g throughput. In Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference. 176--193.
[59]
Yuanzhi Ni, Jianping He, Lin Cai, and Yuming Bo. 2018. Data uploading in hybrid V2V/V2I vehicular networks: Modeling and cooperative strategy. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, 5 (2018), 4602--4614.
[60]
Cătălin Nicutar, Dragos. Niculescu, and Costin Raiciu. 2014. Using cooperation for low power low latency cellular connectivity. In CoNEXT. ACM, 337--348.
[61]
Jitendra Padhye, Sharad Agarwal, Venkata N Padmanabhan, Lili Qiu, Ananth Rao, and Brian Zill. 2005. Estimation of link interference in static multi-hop wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement. 28--28.
[62]
Anshul Paigwar, Özgür Erkent, David Sierra-Gonzalez, and Christian Laugier. 2020. Gndnet: Fast ground plane estimation and point cloud segmentation for autonomous vehicles. In 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2150--2156.
[63]
Hang Qiu, Fawad Ahmad, Fan Bai, Marco Gruteser, and Ramesh Govindan. 2018. AVR: Augmented vehicular reality. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. ACM, 81--95.
[64]
Hang Qiu, Pohan Huang, Namo Asavisanu, Xiaochen Liu, Konstantinos Psounis, and Ramesh Govindan. 2021. Autocast: Scalable infrastructure-less cooperative perception for distributed collaborative driving. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.14947 (2021).
[65]
Xin Xia Xu Han Jinlong Li Jiaqi Ma Runsheng Xu, Hao Xiang. 2022. OPV2V: An Open Benchmark Dataset and Fusion Pipeline for Perception with Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).
[66]
Vishal Sharma, Harsukhpreet Singh, and M Kaur. 2013. Implementation and Analysis of OFDM based IEEE 802.11 g VANET. International Journal of Computer Networking, Wireless and Mobile Communications (IJCNWMC), ISSN (2013), 2250--1568.
[67]
Shuyao Shi, Jiahe Cui, Zhehao Jiang, Zhenyu Yan, Guoliang Xing, Jianwei Niu, and Zhenchao Ouyang. 2022. VIPS: Real-time perception fusion for infrastructure-assisted autonomous driving. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing And Networking. 133--146.
[68]
Shaoshuai Shi, Xiaogang Wang, and Hongsheng Li. 2019. Pointrcnn: 3d object proposal generation and detection from point cloud. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 770--779.
[69]
Zhiying Song, Fuxi Wen, Hailiang Zhang, and Jun Li. 2022. An Efficient and Robust Object-Level Cooperative Perception Framework for Connected and Automated Driving. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.06289 (2022).
[70]
Sanjib Sur, Xinyu Zhang, Parmesh Ramanathan, and Ranveer Chandra. 2016. {BeamSpy}: Enabling Robust 60 {GHz} Links Under Blockage. In 13th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation (NSDI 16). 193--206.
[71]
Muhammad Naeem Tahir, Pekka Leviakangas, and Marcos Katz. 2022. Connected vehicles: V2V and V2I road weather and traffic communication using cellular technologies. Sensors 22, 3 (2022), 1142.
[72]
James Tu, Tsunhsuan Wang, Jingkang Wang, Sivabalan Manivasagam, Mengye Ren, and Raquel Urtasun. 2021. Adversarial Attacks On Multi-Agent Communication. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. 7768--7777.
[73]
Rens Wouter van der Heijden, Stefan Dietzel, Tim Leinmüller, and Frank Kargl. 2018. Survey on misbehavior detection in cooperative intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 21, 1 (2018), 779--811.
[74]
Anna Maria Vegni and Thomas DC Little. 2011. Hybrid vehicular communications based on V2V-V2I protocol switching. International Journal of Vehicle Information and Communication Systems 2, 3--4 (2011), 213--231.
[75]
Dian Vektorendra Wahyuda, Dedy Achmadi, Riri Fitri Sari, et al. 2017. Comparison of different WLAN standard on propagation performance in V2V named data networking. In 2017 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile (APWiMob). IEEE, 128--133.
[76]
Qing Wang, Pingyi Fan, and Khaled Ben Letaief. 2011. On the joint V2I and V2V scheduling for cooperative VANETs with network coding. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 61, 1 (2011), 62--73.
[77]
Tianhang Wang, Guang Chen, Kai Chen, Zhengfa Liu, Bo Zhang, Alois Knoll, and Changjun Jiang. 2023. UMC: A Unified Bandwidth-efficient and Multi-resolution based Collaborative Perception Framework. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.12400 (2023).
[78]
Tsun-Hsuan Wang, Sivabalan Manivasagam, Ming Liang, Bin Yang, Wenyuan Zeng, and Raquel Urtasun. 2020. V2vnet: Vehicle-to-vehicle communication for joint perception and prediction. In European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, 605--621.
[79]
Dehui Wei, Jiao Zhang, Haozhe Li, Zhichen Xue, Yajie Peng, and Rui Han. 2023. Multipath Smart Preloading Algorithms in Short Video Peer-to-Peer CDN Transmission Architecture. IEEE Network (2023).
[80]
Fei Wu, Yang Yang, Ouyang Zhang, Kannan Srinivasan, and Ness B Shroff. 2016. Anonymous-query based rate control for wireless multicast: Approaching optimality with constant feedback. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. 191--200.
[81]
Runsheng Xu, Hao Xiang, Zhengzhong Tu, Xin Xia, Ming-Hsuan Yang, and Jiaqi Ma. 2022. V2x-vit: Vehicle-to-everything cooperative perception with vision transformer. In European conference on computer vision. Springer, 107--124.
[82]
Runsheng Xu, Hao Xiang, Xin Xia, Xu Han, Jinlong Liu, and Jiaqi Ma. 2021. OPV2V: An Open Benchmark Dataset and Fusion Pipeline for Perception with Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07644 (2021).
[83]
Tianwei Yin, Xingyi Zhou, and Philipp Krahenbuhl. 2021. Center-based 3d object detection and tracking. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 11784--11793.
[84]
Yunshuang Yuan, Hao Cheng, and Monika Sester. 2022. Keypoints-Based Deep Feature Fusion for Cooperative Vehicle Detection of Autonomous Driving. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 7, 2 (2022), 3054--3061.
[85]
Hongqiang Zhai and Yuguang Fang. 2006. Physical carrier sensing and spatial reuse in multirate and multihop wireless ad hoc networks. In Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Citeseer, 1--12.
[86]
Qingzhao Zhang, Shuowei Jin, Ruiyang Zhu, Jiachen Sun, Xumiao Zhang, Qi Alfred Chen, and Z Morley Mao. 2024. On data fabrication in collaborative vehicular perception: Attacks and countermeasures. In 33rd USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 24). 6309--6326.
[87]
Qingzhao Zhang, Xumiao Zhang, Ruiyang Zhu, Fan Bai, Mohammad Naserian, and Z Morley Mao. 2023. Robust Real-time Multi-vehicle Collaboration on Asynchronous Sensors. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 1--15.
[88]
Xumiao Zhang, Anlan Zhang, Jiachen Sun, Xiao Zhu, Y Ethan Guo, Feng Qian, and Z Morley Mao. 2021. EMP: Edge-assisted Multi-vehicle Perception. In ACM MobiCom.
[89]
Pengyuan Zhou, Wenxiao Zhang, Tristan Braud, Pan Hui, and Jussi Kangasharju. 2018. Arve: Augmented reality applications in vehicle to edge networks. In Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on Mobile Edge Communications. 25--30.
[90]
Xiao Zhu, Jiachen Sun, Xumiao Zhang, Y Ethan Guo, Feng Qian, and Z Morley Mao. 2020. MPBond: efficient network-level collaboration among personal mobile devices. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. 364--376.
[91]
Zhengxia Zou, Rusheng Zhang, Shengyin Shen, Gaurav Pandey, Punarjay Chakravarty, Armin Parchami, and Henry X Liu. 2022. Real-time full-stack traffic scene perception for autonomous driving with roadside cameras. In 2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 890--896.

Index Terms

  1. Boosting Collaborative Vehicular Perception on the Edge with Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image ACM Conferences
        SenSys '24: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
        November 2024
        950 pages
        ISBN:9798400706974
        DOI:10.1145/3666025
        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

        Sponsors

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        Published: 04 November 2024

        Check for updates

        Author Tags

        1. cooperative vehicular sensing
        2. vehicular networks
        3. autonomous cars
        4. LiDAR

        Qualifiers

        • Research-article

        Funding Sources

        Conference

        Acceptance Rates

        Overall Acceptance Rate 174 of 867 submissions, 20%

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • 0
          Total Citations
        • 255
          Total Downloads
        • Downloads (Last 12 months)255
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)88
        Reflects downloads up to 05 Jan 2025

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        View Options

        Login options

        View options

        PDF

        View or Download as a PDF file.

        PDF

        eReader

        View online with eReader.

        eReader

        Media

        Figures

        Other

        Tables

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media