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Rufous-bellied eagle

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Rufous-bellied eagle
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Lophotriorchis
Sharpe, 1874
Species:
L. kienerii
Binomial name
Lophotriorchis kienerii
(de Sparre, 1835)[2]
Subspecies[3]
  • L. k. kienerii - (de Sparre, 1835)
  • L. k. formosus - (Stresemann, 1924)
Synonyms
  • Hieraaetus kienerii[4]
  • Astur Kienerii protonym

The rufous-bellied eagle or rufous-bellied hawk-eagle (Lophotriorchis kienerii) is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae that is found in the forested regions of tropical Asia. Relatively small for eagles and contrastingly patterned like a falcon, this species was earlier placed in the genus Hieraaetus and sometimes also in the genus Aquila but thought to be distinctive enough to belong to a separate genus.

Taxonomy and systematics

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A captive adult rufous-bellied eagle.

This eagle was originally described as Astur kienerii on the basis of a specimen from the Himalayas. It was later moved to Limnaetus by Jerdon, the genus Lophotriorchis and still later to Hieraaetus, the so-called "hawk-eagles".[5] A study of the phylogeny of some Hieraaetus species and other eagles indicated that they were nested within the Aquila clade of eagles, resulting in their repositioning. Another molecular study of the eagles suggested that kienerii was distinctive enough to be retained in a separate genus[4] for which the name Kienastur had been suggested[6] but as this occurred in a thesis it is invalid for taxonomic purposes, and in any case Lophotriorchis was proposed much earlier (though originally shared with the Black-and-chestnut eagle which is nowadays placed in Spizaetus).

Within its wide range, two subspecies are recognized although there is no marked plumage difference. The nominate kienerii of India and Sri Lanka (the northern birds are larger); and formosus described by Erwin Stresemann in 1924 which is widely distributed across Southeast Asia from Burma to Sulawesi.[7]

The species name was given by Count Louis Ernest Gustave de Sparre (1802-1866) and honours the French naturalist Louis Charles Kiener (1799-1881).

Description

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Adult rufous-bellied eagles are distinctive in their pattern. They have a black hood with a short crest. Chestnut underparts and wing coverts contrast with the white on the throat and breast. The sexes are almost indistinguishable in plumage but females are slightly larger and have more black on the face. They perch in a very upright stance and the wingtip almost reaches the tail. The tarsus is fully feathered. Juveniles have very white underparts with dark markings on the sides of the body, head mask and edge of underwing coverts. They can appear similar to a booted eagle (Aquila pennata). In flight, the underwing lining is dark and the greater coverts are black. The flight feathers are thinly barred with a black edge. The tail is dark and barred.[8][9]

Distribution and habitat

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The rufous-bellied eagle is found in southern and south-eastern Asia and its range also extends to Sulawesi.

This species is associated mainly with hill forests. In India, they are commoner in the Western Ghats than along the Himalayas where they occur from Nepal to Assam. They also occur in parts of the Eastern Ghats.[10][11]

Behaviour and ecology

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Measurements
Himalayas[8]
Length 490–505 mm (19.3–19.9 in)
535–560 mm (21.1–22.0 in)
Tail 210–230 mm (8.3–9.1 in)
236–250 mm (9.3–9.8 in)
Tarsus 150–160 mm (5.9–6.3 in)
165–175 mm (6.5–6.9 in)
Sri Lanka[8]
Length 450–475 mm (17.7–18.7 in)
120–200 mm (4.7–7.9 in)
Tail 180–200 mm (7.1–7.9 in)
100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in)
Tarsus 150–200 mm (5.9–7.9 in)

Rufous-bellied eagles are usually seen in flight, soaring high over the forest canopy. They dive to capture prey that can include birds and mammals in the air, canopy, or forest floor. Birds the size of the Sri Lanka wood pigeon, Kalij pheasant and junglefowl have been recorded as prey.[12][13] The breeding season of the eagles is in winter with the young fledging in spring when the prey species are also breeding. The display flight involves stooping and wing-quivering. Their calls include a series of high pitched fwick, fwick... notes followed by a thin sweek!. They nest on a large, often bare tree,[14] building a large platform of dry sticks and branches that they break off.[8][15][16] The nest is lined with green leaves and a single egg is laid. Both parents take turns in incubation, feeding and nest defence.[9]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Lophotriorchis kienerii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22696111A176625288. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  2. ^ Dickinson, E.C. (2005). "The correct authorship of the name Astur kienerii (Rufous-bellied Hawk Eagle)". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 125: 317–320.
  3. ^ Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
  4. ^ a b Lerner, H.R.L.; Mindell, D.P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346. Bibcode:2005MolPE..37..327L. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523.
  5. ^ Blanford, W.T. (1895). The Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 3. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 345–346.
  6. ^ Gjershaug, Jan Ove (2006). Taxonomy and conservation status of hawk-eagles (genus Nisaetus) in South-East Asia. Unpublished thesis (Thesis). Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
  7. ^ Mayr, E.; Cottrell, G.W., eds. (1979). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 384–385.
  8. ^ a b c d Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 108. ISBN 978-8487334672.
  9. ^ a b Ali, S.; Ripley, S.D. (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–272.
  10. ^ Taher, Humayun (1992). "Rufous bellied Hawk-Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii (E. Geoffroy) in Andhra Pradesh". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 89 (3): 368.
  11. ^ Sajan, S.K.; Xaxa, Sanjay; Bakshi, M.K.; Srivastava, D.S. (2016). "First Sighting of Rufous-Bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii (E. Geoffroy, 1835) from Jharkhand, India:A Note on its Description and Conservation". Indian Forester. 142 (4): 405–406.
  12. ^ Baker, E.C.S. (1928). Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 80–82.
  13. ^ Bligh, Samuel (1886). "Note on Kiener's Hawk-Eagle". Ibis. 28 (3): 299. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1886.tb06291.x.
  14. ^ Kinloch, A.M. (1907). "The nesting of the Rufous-bellied Hawk-Eagle (Lophotriorchis kieneri)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 17 (4): 1027–1028.
  15. ^ Jayaneththi, H. Bandula (2010). "Some observations of nesting behavior of endangered Rufous-bellied Hawk Eagle (Hieraaetus kienerii) in Udagama-kegalle mountains of central Sri Lanka" (PDF). Tigerpaper. 33 (2): 1–3.
  16. ^ Iqbal, Muhammad; Mulyawati, Dwi; Fujita, Motoko Sugimoto; Hua, Fangyuan; Zetra, Berly (2011). "A Breeding Record of the Rufous-bellied Eagle Lophotriorchis (Hieraaetus) kienerii in Sumatra" (PDF). Kukila. 15: 75–79.
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