U+B9D0, 말
HANGUL SYLLABLE MAL
Composition: + +

[U+B9CF]
Hangul Syllables
[U+B9D1]




리 ←→ 매

Jeju

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Etymology

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From Middle Korean 말〯 (mǎl).

Pronunciation

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IPA(key): /ma̠ɭ/

Noun

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(mal)

  1. word
  2. speech
  3. language

Derived terms

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References

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  • ” in Andrew Cheng; K. David Harrison, Jeju-eo Talking Dictionary, Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, 2014.
  • ” in Jeju's culture and language, Digital museum.

Korean

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Etymology 1

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First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 말〯 (Yale: mǎl). The rising pitch implies an earlier bisyllabic origin.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ma̠(ː)ɭ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?māl
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: / 말 / 말까지

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes low pitch, and heightens the pitch of two subsequent suffixed syllables.

Noun

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(mal)

  1. speech
    주의하여 들어.
    Nae mareul juuihayeo deureobwa.
    Listen to me carefully.
  2. (colloquial) language
    Synonym: (formal) 어(語) (eo)
    일본 어디 배웠어?
    ilbon mareul eodiseo baewosseo?
    Where did you learn Japanese?
Derived terms
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See also
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Etymology 2

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First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean .

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄆᆞᆯ (Yale: mòl).

Similar words are found across Eurasia. Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, horse), Mongolian морь (morʹ, horse), Nivkh мурӈ (murŋ, horse), Old Chinese (*mraːʔ, horse), Japanese (うま) (uma, horse), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (horse); see the last link for more.

For the prefix, compare Chinese  / (, horse; big, great), from which it is perhaps calqued.

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 의 / 에 / 말

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word takes low pitch only before consonant-initial multisyllabic suffixes.

Noun

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(mal) (counter 마리)

  1. horse
  2. playing piece (in games)
  3. sawhorse
Derived terms
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Prefix

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말— (mal-)

  1. (now unproductive) great; big
    malbeolgreat bee; wasp
    개미malgaemiking ant
    잠자리maljamjaritype of dragonfly

Etymology 3

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First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 말〮 (Yale: mál).

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “What relation to the Japanese term (masu, unit of measure for volume, approx. 1.8L)? Many KO hanja readings ending in -l correspond to JA kanji readings ending variously in -shi, -chi, -tsu, and -su (but no examples exist Chuterix (talk) 14:17, 21 June 2023 (UTC)), opening the possibility of a KO mal ↔ JA masu phonetic match. See also Talk:말#KO_mal_(unit_of_measure)_and_JA_masu_(unit_of_measure).”

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: / /

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch and also heightens the next suffixed syllable.

Noun

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(mal)

  1. (units of measure) a unit of volume equivalent to about 18 L or 10 (doe)
See also
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  • (doe, 1/10 mal)
  • 작(勺) (jak, 1/1000 mal)
  • (hop, 1/100 mal)

Etymology 4

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From Middle Korean (malh). Short form of 말뚝 (malttuk).

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal

Noun

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(mal)

  1. wooden pile; stake

Etymology 5

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First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527, as Middle Korean ᄆᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: mól).

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal

Noun

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(mal)

  1. an alga or other waterborne cryptogam
  2. seaweed, specifically Potamogeton oxyphyllus.
Derived terms
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See also
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Etymology 6

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Sino-Korean word from (end).

Pronunciation

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Romanizations
Revised Romanization?mal
Revised Romanization (translit.)?mal
McCune–Reischauer?mal
Yale Romanization?mal

Noun

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(mal) (hanja )

  1. end (of a period); late
    Antonym: 초(初) (cho, beginning)
    조선시대
    joseonsidae mal
    Late Joseon period
  2. (baseball) bottom (of an inning)
    Coordinate term: 초(初) (cho, top (of an inning))
    9
    guhoe mal
    The bottom of the ninth inning
Derived terms
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Etymology 7

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Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

Syllable

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(mal)

References

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  • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 15. [1]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Middle Korean

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Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “First attestation? Any Old Korean forms known?”)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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말〯 (mǎl)

  1. word, speech, language
Descendants
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  • Korean: (mal)

Etymology 2

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Possibly cognate with Japanese (masu), a similar unit of measure.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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말〮 (mál)

  1. measure (containing about 18 liters or 10 doe ( (doe))
  2. a unit of measure (about 18 liters)
Descendants
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  • Korean: (mal)