In optimization, Newton's method is renowned for its quadratic convergence, largely due to its optimal step size determined by the Hessian matrix. Unlike gradient descent, which simplifies the step size to a single coefficient, alpha, through line search, Newton's method utilizes the full Hessian matrix. This difference is crucial. In Newton's method, the step size is a matrix that captures the curvature of the objective function, enabling faster and more accurate convergence. However, when we use gradient descent, we collapse this matrix into a scalar coefficient, which degrades performance and slows down convergence. This degeneration from a matrix to a scalar is what costs us efficiency. While calculating the Hessian can be computationally intensive, leading to the use of quasi-Newton methods like BFGS, understanding the fundamental advantage of Newton's method in maintaining a matrix step size can guide better optimization practices. How do you approach the trade-off between computational feasibility and convergence speed in your optimization tasks? Let's discuss the strategies and experiences that have worked best for you. PS if the content brought you value please share with someone who can benefit from it. If not, please tell me how can I improve my content. #Optimization #NewtonMethod #MachineLearning #GradientDescent #DataScience #AI #Algorithm #Performance #Convergence #BFGS
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BAYES' RULE Bayes' rule is one of the most consequential relationships in #AI and in all of the probabilistic sciences. It was derived around 1760 by Rev Thomas Bayes, and it provides a way of updating one's understanding as new evidence becomes available. Interestingly, Bayes' rule is derived from a postulate: the conditional probability axiom (aka joint probability axiom). Postulates are fascinating because they are typically reasonable but not necessarily true, and they serve as a platform for reasoning and mathematical derivations. If a posulate is true, then the things based on it are also true. Another interesting set of postulates yielded Einstein's theory of relativity. Those postulates are (i) the speed of light is a constant, and (ii) the laws of nature hold independently of the reference frame of motion. Back to Bayes. It is based on the joint probability axiom: P(A|B) = P(A & B)/P(B), and is the direct basis for some of the most important #AI algorithms today such as diffusion models, variational autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, etc. ---- EDITED on 9/26/24 at 2:15PM CST. CORRECTION: Bayes rule is certainly only: p(z|x) = [p(x|z)p(z)]/p(x). Therefore the image is clearly wrong as is. To fix it we must (i) remove the integral, or (ii) remove the integral and express the denominator p(x) via marginalization over the latent as p(x) = integral_z p(x|z) dz. (ii) motivates variational inference, and has an integral only in the denominator. Thanks to Theophilus Anim Bediako for astutely raising a question in my DM about the erroneous formula. For more clarification, here is a video of Bayes' theorem derivation I posted 2 months ago: https://lnkd.in/gpcUbMAm #Artificialintelligence #Mathematics
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Impulse control of stochastic Navier-Stokes equations studies fluid dynamics with control applied at random times with random force amplitudes. A unique paper in the literature. Also equivalent to the problem of variational data assimilation with resampling at random times. #stochastic #flowcontrol #turbulence #AI #ML #prediction
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🔄 Exploring Stochastic Processes & Markov Chains In this lecture, we dived into stochastic processes and the fascinating world of Markov chains. - Stochastic Processes: A collection of random variables evolving over time, with concepts like state space and sample paths. - Markov Chains: Future states depend only on the current state, not the past. Discussed time-homogeneous chains where transition probabilities remain constant. - Examples: Explored models like gambling and random walks, illustrating the practical application of these concepts in real-world scenarios. Understanding these processes helps us analyze complex systems in fields like finance, AI, and more. Masai #StochasticProcesses #MarkovChains #DataScience #AI #MasaiSchool #IITMandi #dailylearning
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Indeterminacy seems to me a perfect word to qualify the different aspects of our existence as #humans right now. 🍃 With no exception, technology is moving from a deterministic behavior to an indeterministic one, as a reflection of the emergence of non linear use cases and the increasing complexity and sophistication of disruptive technologies especially #AI, based on stochastic models, and #QuantumComputing, inherently probabilistic ( so not to say random and uncertain 🤫) , as it is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. This technology behavior shift may imply a call to action for all the stakeholders to embrace uncertainty, to educate about this shift, , to invest in R&D encouraging a "fail fast, learn faster" mindset and to review resilience towards unpredictable and non-reproducible errors and faults. 🔔 #weekendthought #AI #Quantum
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YOLO (You Only Look Once) is a popular real-time object detection system. It's known for its speed and accuracy in identifying and localizing objects in images and video frames. YOLO treats object detection as a single regression problem, straight from image pixels to bounding box coordinates and class probabilities. Here's a brief overview of how it works: 1. **Single Forward Pass**: Unlike traditional methods that repurpose classifiers for detection and apply them to multiple regions in the image, YOLO passes the entire image through a neural network in one go. 2. **Grid Division**: The input image is divided into an SxS grid. Each grid cell predicts B bounding boxes and confidence scores for these boxes. These scores reflect how confident the model is that the box contains an object and how accurate it thinks the box is. 3. **Bounding Box Prediction**: Each bounding box consists of five predictions: x, y, width, height, and confidence. The (x, y) coordinates represent the center of the box relative to the bounds of the grid cell. The width and height are predicted relative to the whole image. The confidence prediction represent #Ai #machinelearning #yolodetection #AIMERS
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What do active, communicative extraterrestrial civilisations and smart gift recommendations have in common? Why, probabilistic equations of course. Astrophysicist Frank Drake drew up the famous Drake Equation on a chalkboard in 1961. This was at the dawn of a worldwide search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and his thinking continues to influence the use of astronomical observatories to this day. The equation is a set of seven variables which when multiplied together yield a calculation of the possibility that humanity might someday hear from an intelligent civilisation. Similarly, at Givving we have developed an equation for computing a Gift Relevance Score (GRS), quantifying the suitability of a gift for a specific person, based on set of eight variables. We have just published our first technical white paper – An Intelligent Framework for Gift Recommendations: Leveraging AI and the Drake Equation – outlining how we have taken inspiration from this famous argument to build our universal gift commerce engine. Read the whitepaper here: https://lnkd.in/gvBDbqbS #Givving #AI #Startups
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🚀 Mastering the Maze: Overcoming Optimization Challenges and Local Optima 🚀 In the complex world of optimization, navigating through local optima is a critical challenge that can make or break your strategy. These points of local extrema can act as both intriguing landmarks and daunting obstacles in the quest for the best solutions. In this article, I delve deep into the intricacies of local optima, examining their impact on optimization processes and exploring advanced strategies to overcome them. Whether you’re working in financial modeling, machine learning, or any field that demands robust optimization techniques, understanding and conquering local optima is key to unlocking greater efficiency and success. 🔍 Learn about: - The fundamentals of local optima in optimization theory - The risks and challenges posed by local optima - Proven strategies like Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithms, and more to navigate beyond these pitfalls Join me as we explore how to turn these challenges into opportunities and push the boundaries of what's possible in optimization! Read more on Medium: https://lnkd.in/gw5MztyD #Optimization #AlgorithmDesign #MachineLearning #FinancialModeling #DataScience #AI #Innovation
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A vector space is a mathematical structure consisting of a set of vectors, along with operations for vector addition and scalar multiplication. These operations must satisfy specific properties, such as commutativity, associativity, and the existence of an additive identity and inverses. Vector spaces provide a framework for analyzing linear relationships and transformations. #ml #data #datascience #fodo #fodoai #ai #linear #algebra #maths #machinelearning
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"In Greek mythology, Prometheus is credited with giving humans fire as well as the "spark" that spurred civilization. One of the unintended consequences of Prometheus's "gift" was that the need for celestial Gods diminished. Modern humans have been up to all sorts of things that present similar unintended consequences, from using CFCs that led to a hole in the ozone layer to building systems that they do not understand or cannot fully control. In dabbling with artificial intelligence (AI), humans seem to have taken on the role of Prometheus—apparently gifting machines the "fire" that sparked civilization. Predicting the future is best left to shamans and futurologists. But we could be better informed about the dangers that follow from how AI operates and work out how to avoid the pitfalls." #ai #business #society
AI feels like an unstoppable force. But it is not a panacea for businesses or society
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