Switchgear Content

Hi to all As we approach the final days of 2024, I extend my wishes for success and good health in the upcoming year. Please remain attentive for updates from us in 2025. Wishing you a joyful New Year. www.switchgearcontent.com Best regards, 𝘼𝙡𝙞 𝙎𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙝𝙧𝙞 𝙁𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢 & 𝙂𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙨

For more information please visit this page: https://lnkd.in/e2cDzX-s

𝘼𝙣 𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙚𝙬 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙁6 𝙜𝙖𝙨-𝙛𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙨𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙧: *Clear information on maintenance and availability is needed, e.g., indicators that signal when the gas composition reaches a condition that needs top-up or replacement. *Multiple mixtures and mixture-compositions may be needed in a substation and possibly even more than one gas in an installation. *Lack of confidence in the present test requirements due to uncertainty on “extreme conditions” of the new gases and after-test status verification. * Waiting for one sole alternative, instead of installing several alternatives over time. * New restrictions regarding space, maximum continuous current, and minimum temperature. *For vacuum switchgear, the level of x-ray emission (produced by interrupters at an open position) needs to be observed at EHV voltage levels. It is not an operational issue at the 145 kV level. *Total cost of ownership, which is unpredictable, but most probably higher than SF6-solutions, which depends on the allowance of regulators for higher initial price and total cost of ownership. For more information please visit this archive and CIGRE brochure No.871: https://lnkd.in/e5exnyup

𝗔𝗻 𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝗴𝗹𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝗙𝟲 𝗴𝗮𝘀 (𝗜𝗘𝗖, 𝗜𝗘𝗘𝗘, 𝗝𝗘𝗖, 𝗚𝗕): 1- 𝙄𝙀𝘾 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙨: Subclause 13 of IEC 62271-1:2017/AMD:1:2021 gives brief information for dealing with the EoL. This subclause is applied as it is without any more details in MV and HV assemblies (IEC 62271-200 and IEC 62271-203). IEC 62271-4 addresses the procedures for safe and environmentally compatible handling of SF6 during installation, commissioning, normal and abnormal operations, and disposal at the EoL of high-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Detailed procedures for appropriate SF6 handling are given together with a description of the state-of-the-art equipment and measuring devices as well as procedures for recovering and reclaiming used SF6 and its mixtures. In its latest version of 2022, it has been noted that the recommended pressure level for emptying the compartment containing SF6 has been divided by 4 (from 2 kPa to 0.5 kPa). It is intended to reduce atmospheric SF6 emissions when opening the compartment and then release the remaining gas into the atmosphere. IEC 60480 gives criteria for re-using SF6 and its mixtures after recovery and reclaiming from electrical equipment (e.g. for maintenance, at the EoL). Taking into account environmental concerns, particular attention shall be paid to reuse criteria for SF6 and its mixtures with N2 and CF4 as used in electrical equipment. Description of the different methods of analysis, by-products, procedure for evaluating the potential health effects from by-products, cryogenic reclaiming of SF6, and reclaiming recommendations are provided in the annexes of this standard. 𝟮- 𝗜𝗘𝗘𝗘 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘀: There are similar standards as IEEE C37.122.3 [3]. In the future version of IEEE C37.122.2 (IEEE guide for the application of gas-insulated substations (1 kV to 52 kV), instructions for decommissioning equipment will be described more in detail than in IEC. 𝟑- 𝐉𝐄𝐂 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐬 (𝐢𝐧 𝐉𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐧): As for Japan, there are following standards and voluntary agreements as gas handling guidelines in Japan; o JEC-2390 ‘General requirements for high-voltage switchgear and control gear’ o Electric Technology Research Association, Report Vol. 54, No. 3 ‘SF6 gas handling guide for electrical power equipment JEC-2390 is mostly harmonized with the IEC standard in terms of quality control and handling procedures of SF6 and its mixtures. 𝟰- 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗱𝘀 (𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗮): The following reference may also be useful 4-1 GB/T 28537 [48] is relative to the use and treatment of SF6. 4-2 GB/T 28534 [49] describes the environmental impact of release SF6. 4-3 DL/T 1205 [50] focuses on the detection of decomposition products. For more information please visit this archive and CIGRE Brochure No 914: https://lnkd.in/eCfKJRN3 #sf6 #sf6free #switchgearcontnet

𝐀 𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐜𝐤 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐤 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐅𝟔 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐅𝟔+𝐍𝟐+𝐂𝐅𝟒, 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦: • 𝙃𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙜𝙖𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙨𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙧 (𝙂𝙄𝙎): Due to the size of the overall equipment, GIS is usually assembled on-site. The gas compartments are connected gastight, evacuated, and filled with SF6 on-site. • 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗴𝗮𝘀-𝗳𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗰𝗶𝗿𝗰𝘂𝗶𝘁 𝗯𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗿 (𝗱𝗲𝗮𝗱 𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗸 𝗼𝗿 𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗸): In high and ultra-high voltage air-insulated substations (AIS), gas-filled dead-tank or live-tank circuit breakers are used. At AC voltages above 72.5 kV, the equipment dimensions and the filling pressure are typically above the restriction levels for road transportation. Hence, at least a partial gas recovery on site is required before decommissioning. • 𝙃𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙜𝙖𝙨-𝙛𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙞𝙧𝙘𝙪𝙞𝙩 𝙨𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙨: Circuit Switchers are multipurpose switching and protection devices, often used for switching and protection of transformers, single and back-to-back shunt capacitor banks, reactors, lines, and cables. Live and dead tank circuit breakers are used when fault-clearing duty is required. • 𝙃𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙜𝙖𝙨-𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧 (𝙑𝙏 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘾𝙏): In high and ultra-high voltage AIS substations, gas-insulated instrument transformers are used. Transport in gas-filled conditions is possible up to specific voltage levels. At AC voltages above 72.5 kV the dimensions are too large and the filling pressure is typically above restricting levels for road transportation, so at least a partial gas recovery on site is required before. • 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗴𝗮𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀 (𝗚𝗜𝗟): This kind of equipment is used to connect equipment such as GIS and transformers or as long connections as an alternative to HV cables. The gas compartments are connected gastight, evacuated, and filled with SF6. • 𝙃𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙜𝙖𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙧 (𝙂𝙄𝙏): In areas where the risk of fire in oil-insulated power transformers is not acceptable (e.g. basement of buildings or densely populated urban areas) and in environmentally preserved areas (e.g. national parks), Gas-insulated transformers using SF6 offer a non-flammable solution that is used in some regions of the world. The use of high-pressure SF6 in GIT provides the dual functions of electrical insulation and cooling. The gas compartments are connected gastight, evacuated, and filled with SF6. For EoL procedures, the gas needs to be removed. For more information please visit this archive: https://lnkd.in/eCfKJRN3 #switchgearcontent

𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗦𝗙𝟲 𝗴𝗮𝘀 𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀: Latest generation test equipment is in most cases designed for multiple measurements at the same time. This is achieved by using different sensors and combining different measurement techniques. The measured values are usually shown on a display and the values can often also be stored in user-defined form or directly printed. The units of the measured values can also often be customized. For example, the humidity content of SF6 can be specified in frost/dewpoint temperature °C or °F, or in concentrations of ppmv or ppmw, where the values for °C / °F can also be converted to a pressure value such as ambient pressure, iso-standard atmosphere pressure or gas chamber pressure. Furthermore, the SF6 concentration can be given in percentage volume: Vol %. The measurement process is in most cases completely automated and the user only has to connect the gas compartment and press the start button. The regulation of pressure and flow is usually done automatically without manual intervention by the operator. The majority of the measuring devices are further equipped with an internal sample gas collection bag that retains the sample gas in a closed circuit and these are thus pumped back into the gas chamber after measurement or stored in a used gas cylinder free of emissions. Most devices have quick-disconnect couplings, which also enable emission-free measurement. The number and arrangement of the individual sensors / measuring systems depends on the device manufacturer. Likewise, the measuring accuracy depends on both the measuring principle and the manufacturer. No general statement can be made here. To ensure a permanently high standard of measurements, various calibration cycles are suggested by the OEMs, which can be tightened by local or customer-internal regulations. Different sensors are also subject to an aging process and must be replaced every 12 to 36 months, depending on the OEM. More detailed information can be found in the operating manuals of the corresponding devices. The units are usually already assembled in transport cases for easier transport, or delivered with transport cases, both usually equipped with castor wheels. The other technical frame sizes can be found in the table below. These are the average values of units available on the market. For the exact technical specifications, please refer to the manufacturer's specifications. These units are normally supplied in a carrying case and are standard luggage size. For more information please see this archive and Cigre brochure No. 914: https://lnkd.in/eCfKJRN3 The photo shows an SF6 gas Multi-analyzer device.

𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐬: 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙛𝙞𝙡𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙠 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝙗𝙖𝙣𝙠𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙜𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙨? #switchgearcontent

Greetings to all, The LinkedIn Switchgear Content group has swiftly grown to 26,000 expert members. I am grateful to each of you for your active participation. I encourage you to share this group with your friends and professional contacts. Group link: https://lnkd.in/dktTU-Q Best regards, 𝘼𝙡𝙞 𝙎𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙝𝙧𝙞 𝙁𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢 & 𝙂𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙨 #switchgearcontnet

Hi to all I am excited to announce that I’m open for business and providing these services : https://lnkd.in/dV3jgPTX Please Check out my page for 𝘼𝙙𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝘽𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝘽𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝘿𝙞𝙜𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝘽𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝘽𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙀𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘿𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙜𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙪𝙢 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙝𝙞𝙜𝙝-𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙥𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩, 𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙧. Please feel free to contact me if you are interested. Best regards, 𝘼𝙡𝙞 𝙎𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙝𝙧𝙞 𝙁𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙘𝙝𝙜𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢 & 𝙂𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙨 #switchgearcontnet

𝘽𝙪𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙧𝙨: Please assume that the cost of the purchase of a substation building, the internal SF6 switchgear together with its installation and commissioning costs is 100,000 units of currency. The switchgear has a maintenance interval of 5 years and each maintenance costs 2000 units of currency. Given that the life of the installation is 40 years, the bank interest rate is 4 percent and the end-of-life disposal is 10 percent of the original installation cost, what will be the total cost of ownership? www.switchgearcontnet.com