List of political parties in the United States
This is a list of political parties in the United States, both past and present. The list does not include independents.
Not all states allow the public to access voter registration data. Therefore, voter registration data should not be taken as the correct value and should be viewed as an underestimate.
Active parties
editMajor parties
editParty | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership (2024)[1] |
Electoral (2024) | Popular [2] | Senators [3] |
Voting | Nonvoting | Governors [4] |
State legislators[4] |
Legislatures [4] |
Trifectas [4] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican Party | Conservatism | 1854 | Center-right to right-wing | 37,314,494 | 312 / 538
|
77,234,090 (49.9%) | 53 / 100
|
220 / 435
|
3 / 6
|
29 / 55
|
4,031 / 7,383
|
28 / 49
|
22 / 49
| |
Democratic Party | Liberalism | 1828 | Center-left | 45,512,696 | 226 / 538
|
74,936,918 (48.5%) |
47 / 100 [A]
|
215 / 435
|
3 / 6
|
25 / 55
|
3,271 / 7,383
|
19 / 49
|
17 / 49
|
Third parties
editRepresented in state legislatures
editThe following third parties have members in state legislatures affiliated with them.
Ballot access in multiple states
editParty | Ballot access | Presidential ballot access (2024) | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership (2024)[1] |
Presidential vote (2024) | State legislators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forward Party | 5 / 51 [5]
|
No candidate | 2022 | Center | 1483 | No candidate | 2 / 7,383[6]
|
Ballot access in a single state
editParty | Ballot access | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | Membership (2024)[1] |
Presidential vote (2024) | State legislators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vermont Progressive Party | Vermont | Progressivism[7] Democratic socialism[7] |
1993 | Left-wing | Unknown | No candidate | 13 / 7,386[8]
|
Other parties with ballot access
editThe following third parties have ballot access in at least one state and are not represented in a national office or state legislature.[9]
Multi-state
editSingle-state
editActive parties without ballot access
editThe following parties have been active in the past 4 years, but as of December 2021, did not have official ballot access in any state.[9]
Multi-state
editSingle-state
editMajor parties in Puerto Rico
editThe following parties are represented in the Puerto Rican Legislature.
Party | Ideology | Year founded |
Political position | President | Gubernatorial vote[62] | Senators[63] | Representatives[63] | Mayors[64] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Progressive Party Partido Nuevo Progresista |
Puerto Rico statehood | 1967[65] | Center to centre-right | Pedro Pierluisi | 427,016 (33.24%) | 10 / 27
|
21 / 51
|
36 / 78
| |
Popular Democratic Party Partido Popular Democrático |
Pro-Commonwealth Centrism |
1938[66] | Center | Jesús Manuel Ortiz | 407,817 (31.75%) | 12 / 27
|
26 / 51
|
41 / 78
| |
Citizens' Victory Movement Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana |
Anti-imperialism Anti-neoliberalism Progressivism |
2019 | Left-wing | Ana Irma Rivera Lassén | 179,265 (13.95%) | 2 / 27
|
2 / 51
|
0 / 78
| |
Puerto Rican Independence Party Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño |
Puerto Rico independence Social democracy |
1946[65] | Center-left | Rubén Berríos | 175,402 (13.58%) | 1 / 27
|
1 / 51
|
0 / 78
| |
Project Dignity Proyecto Dignidad |
Christian democracy Anti-corruption |
2019 | Center-right to right-wing | César Váquez Muñiz | 87,379 (6.80%) | 1 / 27
|
1 / 51
|
1 / 78
|
Historical parties
editHeld national office or elected to Congress
editMulti-state political parties
editSingle-state political parties
editPolitical parties in the unincorporated territories
editParty | Territory | Other names | Ideology | Mergers/Splits | Created | Disbanded | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican nationalism[158] | 1922 | 1965 | |||
Puerto Rican Socialist Party | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rican nationalism[159] | 1959 | 1993 | |||
Covenant Party | Northern Mariana Islands | Populism | Merged into: Republican Party | 2001 | 2013[160] | ||
Working People's Party | Puerto Rico | Partido del Pueblo Trabajador | 2010 | 2016 | |||
Popular Party (Guam) | Guam | Commercial Party | Merged into: Democratic Party | 1949 | 1964 | ||
Territorial Party (Guam) | Guam | Merged into: Republican Party | 1956 | 1966 | |||
Popular Party (Northern Mariana Islands)[161][162] | Northern Mariana Islands | Merged into: Democratic Party | 1978 | ||||
Territorial Party (Northern Mariana Islands)[162] | Northern Mariana Islands | Merged into: Republican Party |
Non-electoral organizations
editActive
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2023) |
These organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.
Historical
editThese historical organizations did not officially nominate candidates for election but may have endorsed or supported campaigns; they otherwise functioned similarly to political parties.
Party registration
editOfficially recognized parties in states are not guaranteed have ballot access, membership numbers of some parties with ballot access are not tracked, and vice versa. Not all of these parties are active, and not all states record voter registration by party. Boxes in gray mean that the specific party's registration is not reported.
State/DC | As of | DEM | REP | LIB | GRN | CST | NLB | RFM | WFP | Others | Unaffiliated | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alaska | April 3, 2024[173] | 73,637 | 143,100 | 6,654 | – | 776 | – | 21,232[e] | 346,110 | 591,509 | ||
Arizona | April 2024[174] | 1,192,205 | 1,434,982 | 31,164 | 2,796 | – | 27,539 | – | 1,369,634
|
4,058,320 | ||
Arkansas | May 3, 2024[175] | 86,231 | 131,647 | 700 | 104 | – | 1 | 1,543,863 | 1,762,546 | |||
California | February 20, 2024[176] | 10,285,108 | 5,388,479 | 240,618 | 102,659 | 271 | 42,039 | – | 1,195,512[f] | 4,822,647 | 22,077,333 | |
Colorado | May 1, 2024[177] | 1,006,438 | 903,079 | 37,315 | 8,280 | 11,245 | 7,969 | – | 9,413[g] | 1,850,286 | 3,834,112 | |
Connecticut | May 16, 2024[178] | 798,205 | 466,908 | 2,996 | 1,350 | – | 298 | 29,155[h] | 919,524 | 2,218,436 | ||
Delaware | May 1, 2024[179] | 350,955 | 205,909 | 2,028 | 718 | 238 | 1,768 | 47 | 314 | 15,130[i] | 197,529 | 774,636 |
Washington, D.C. | August 2022[180] | 379,489 | 26,567 | 2,290 | 3,855 | – | 82,556 | 494,757 | ||||
Florida | February 20, 2024[181] | 4,363,490 | 5,214,907 | 35,445 | 7,712 | 14,833 | 7,498 | – | 266,493[j] | 3,539,382 | 13,449,760 | |
Idaho | August 2022[180] | 129,550 | 577,507 | 11,147 | – | 4,036 | – | 275,271 | 997,511 | |||
Iowa | November 1, 2022[182] | 597,120 | 681,871 | 12,100 | 2,966 | – | 555,988 | 1,850,045 | ||||
Kansas | April 30, 2024[183] | 503,972 | 874,132 | 24,151 | – | 39 | – | 563,482 | 1,965,776 | |||
Kentucky | April 15, 2024[184] | 1,511,242 | 1,615,451 | 16,391 | 2,403 | 1,376 | – | 209 | – | 190,063[k] | 153,870 | 3,491,005 |
Louisiana | November 7, 2023[185] | 1,133,813 | 1,021,571 | 15,839 | 2,583 | 154 | 2,296 | 823 | – | 130,273[l] | 665,154 | 2,979,345 |
Maine | March 5, 2024[186] | 341,925 | 281,904 | 5,236 | 36,724 | – | 9,677 | – | 275,560 | 951,026 | ||
Maryland | March 2024[187] | 2,208,095 | 994,529 | 18,836 | – | 234 | – | 54,299 | 909,180 | 4,185,173 | ||
Massachusetts | May 3, 2024[188] | 1,336,825 | 415,438 | – | 3,599 | 292 | – | 113 | 722 | 36,484[m] | 3,132,433 | 4,925,906 |
Nebraska | May 1, 2024[189] | 330,657 | 605,466 | 18,036 | – | 6,684[n] | 271,568 | 1,232,411 | ||||
Nevada | May 1, 2024[190] | 708,432 | 654,182 | 20,967 | – | 48,105 | 794,532 | 2,329,718 | ||||
New Hampshire | March 29, 2024[191] | 260,281 | 304,375 | – | 325,930 | 890,586 | ||||||
New Jersey | June 1, 2024[192] | 2,496,054 | 1,563,771 | 25,174 | 11,498 | 12,989 | – | 1,550 | – | 28,084[o] | 2,422,574 | 6,561,694 |
New Mexico | April 30, 2024[193] | 577,692 | 415,653 | – | 27,443[p] | 315,390 | 1,336,178 | |||||
New York | February 27, 2024[194] | 6,404,069 | 2,903,144 | – | 54,678 | 572,778[q] | 3,173,678 | 13,108,347 | ||||
North Carolina | May 1, 2024[195] | 2,404,692 | 2,234,315 | 50,119 | 2,056 | 0 (New) | 7,752 | – | 2,743,054 | 7,441,988 | ||
Oklahoma | April 30, 2024[196] | 649,432 | 1,214,774 | 22,365 | – | 449,488 | 2,336,059 | |||||
Oregon | August 2022[180] | 1,014,041 | 730,765 | 20,865 | 7,820 | – | 8,364 | 141,185[r] | 1,031,392 | 2,958,277 | ||
Pennsylvania | April 29, 2024[197] | 3,895,223 | 3,499,524 | 42,919 | 10,326 | – | 1,273,199 | 8,721,191 | ||||
Rhode Island | May 2024[198] | 281,725 | 103,268 | – | 338,629 | 723,622 | ||||||
South Dakota | May 1, 2024[199] | 144,243 | 303,722 | 2,923 | – | 22 | – | 945 | 149,935 | 601,790 | ||
Utah | June 3, 2024[200] | 275,698 | 991,894 | 26,411 | 74 | 8,497 | 2,353 | – | 88,837[s] | 574,734 | 1,968,498 | |
West Virginia | May 4, 2024[201] | 358,056 | 477,549 | 10,800 | 2,542 | – | 39,412 | 292,963 | 1,181,322 | |||
Wyoming | May 4, 2024[202] | 23,787 | 178,387 | 1,057 | – | 343 | 13 | – | 15,875 | 219,462 |
Parties by number of registered voters
edit- Democratic Party – 46,121,872
- Republican Party – 36,556,705
- American Independent Party – 834,730
- Libertarian Party – 704,455
- Independent Party of Florida – 234,524
- Green Party – 210,053
- Conservative Party of New York State – 164,826
- Peace and Freedom Party – 138,238
- Independent Party of Oregon – 137,972
- Independent Party of Louisiana – 136,125
- No Labels – 109,920
- American Independent Party of Nevada – 103,500
- American Independent Party of Utah – 85,243
- Working Families Party – 64,674
- Constitution Party – 46,553
- Liberal Party – 31,343
- Independent Party of Connecticut – 29,136
- Common Sense Party – 22,029
- Conservative Party of Florida – 17,595
- Alaskan Independence Party – 18,683
- Conservative Party of New Jersey – 14,639
- United Independent Party – 14,469
- Independent Party of Delaware – 10,722
- Constitution Party of Utah – 8,475
- Socialist Party of New Jersey – 7,856
- Legal Marijuana NOW Party of Nebraska – 6,684
- Natural Law Party – 5,668
- Boricua Party – 5,068
- Approval Voting Party – 4,721
- Constitution Party of Oregon – 3,845
- We the People Party – 3,445
- Oregon Progressive Party – 3,213
- Unity Party – 3,134
- United Utah – 3,087
- Coalition With a Purpose – 2,936
- Ecology Party of Florida – 2,881
- Reform Party – 2,742
- Party for Socialism and Liberation – 1,827
- Socialist Party – 1,700
- Socialist Party of Massachusetts – 1,615
- Colorado Center Party – 1,558
- Green Party of Alaska – 1,520
- People's Party – 1,212
- Conservative Party of Louisiana – 794
- Conservative Party of Delaware – 790
- Socialist Workers Party – 727
- Liberal Party of Delaware – 682
- Forward Party – 608
- American Party of Delaware – 520
- American Solidarity Party – 568
- American Delta Party – 462
- Alaska Moderate Party – 388
- Progressive Party of Alaska – 253
- Patriot's Party of Alaska – 219
- Workers Party of Massachusetts – 183
- OWL – 96
- Mandalorians – 92
- Blue Enigma Party – 81
- Alliance Party – 62
- Normal Party of California – 24
- Prohibition Party – 19
- Moderate Party of California – 18
- One Party – 15
- FreedomReform Party – 8
- Ring of Truth Party – 6
- Hogwash Party – 5
- Aurora Party – 3
- Ohio Reform Party - 1
- Unaffiliated/Independent – 34,006,350
See also
edit- Political parties in the United States
- List of frivolous political parties
- List of ruling political parties by country
- List of political parties in Puerto Rico
- List of state parties of the Democratic Party
- List of state Green Parties in the United States
- List of state parties of the Libertarian Party
- List of state parties of the Republican Party
- Party system
- Political party strength in U.S. states
- Politics of the United States
- Third party (United States)
- Two-party system
Notes
edit- Notes
- ^ The Constitution Party had two candidates running for the 2024 presidential election—one which was nominated by the party and one which was nominated by the Constitution Party dissidents.
- ^ See membership table below
- ^ No presidential ballot access
- ^ Disaffiliated
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Alaskan Independence – 18,683
- Green Party of Alaska (unaffiliated) – 1,520
- Alaska Moderate – 388
- Progressive – 253
- Patriot's – 219
- OWL – 96
- Alliance – 62
- FreedomReform – 8
- Aurora – 3
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- American Independent Party – 834,730
- Peace and Freedom Party – 138,238
- Common Sense Party – 22,029
- We the People – 3,251
- Solidarity – 465
- Normal – 24
- Moderate – 18
- One – 15
- Ring of Truth – 6
- Hogwash – 5
- Others – 97,075
- Unknown – 99,756
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Approval Voting – 4,721
- Colorado Center – 1,558
- Forward – 87
- Unity – 3,134
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Connecticut – 29,136
- We the People – 19
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Delaware – 10,722
- Conservative Party of Delaware – 790
- Liberal Party of Delaware – 682
- American – 520
- American Delta – 462
- Socialist Workers – 135
- Mandalorians – 92
- Blue Enigma – 81
- Natural Law – 79
- Other – 1,392
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Florida – 234,524
- Conservative Party of Florida– 17,595
- Boricua – 5,068
- Coalition With a Purpose – 2,936
- Ecology – 2,881
- Socialism and Liberation – 1,821
- People's – 1,212
- Forward – 456
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Socialist Workers – 592
- Reform – 209
- Others – 189,471
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Louisiana – 136,125
- Conservative Party of Louisiana – 794
- Socialist – 85
- American Solidarity – 103
- Socialism and Liberation – 5
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Libertarian Association (unaffiliated) – 16,307
- United Independent Party – 14,469
- Socialist Party – 1,615
- Workers Party – 183
- Prohibition Party – 19
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Legal Marijuana Now Party – 6,684
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Conservative Party – 14,639
- Socialist Party – 7,856
- Natural Law Party – 5,589
- ^
- Libertarian Party (unaffiliated) – 15,036
- Others – 12,407
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Conservative Party – 164,826
- Others – 407,952
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- Independent Party of Oregon – 137,972
- Oregon Progressive Party – 3,213
- Others – 16,703
- ^
"Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
- American Independent Party – 85,674
- United Utah – 3,098
- Forward Party – 65
- ^ Includes two Independent Senators who all caucus with the Democratic Party.[3]
- ^ The Alliance Party originally nominated Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who later dropped out. However, he remained on the ballot in other states. Kennedy was nominated by several parties.
- ^ a b c d The party's candidate, Robert F. Kennedy Jr, dropped out before the election. However, votes were still cast for him. Votes counted in a fusion ticket.
- ^ The American Independent Party originally nominated Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who later dropped out. However, he remained on the ballot in other states. Kennedy was nominated by several parties.
- ^ The Natural Law Party originally nominated Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who later dropped out. However, he remained on the ballot in other states. Kennedy was nominated by several parties.
- ^ a b Votes counted as part of a fusion ticket.
- Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Winger, Richard (November 29, 2024). "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Presidental Election Results: Trump Wins". New York Times. November 5, 2024. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ "Forward Party". June 16, 2024. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
- ^ Prose, J. D. (June 21, 2023). "Two Pa. legislators announce their affiliation with centrist Forward Party". pennlive. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
- ^ a b Elliott-Negri, Luke (August 2, 2016). "Lessons From Vermont". Jacobin. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
- ^ "ELECTED PROGRESSIVES". The Vermont Progressive Party. January 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "List of political parties in the United States". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- ^ "State Board Recognizes Green Party as NC Political Party".
- ^ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2024). "April 2024 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
- ^ Johnston, Bob (November 9, 2020). "Ballot Access Update". Libertarian Party. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
- ^ a b Doherty, Brian (September 15, 2022). "Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions". Reason. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ a b c Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
- ^ "Ballot Access News -- June 1, 2006". www.ballot-access.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party | Ballot Access News". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- ^ "How We Formed". Alliance Party. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Introducing the Association of Liberty State Parties" (PDF). LPNM. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
- ^ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ a b Cimmino, Jeff (August 7, 2017). "The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path". National Review. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Perkins, William; Travis, Jordan (November 4, 2022). "In northern Michigan, some third-party candidates seek to break the mold". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Luning, Ernst (October 2, 2019). "Colorado's Approval Voting Party achieves minor party status". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ "Our Platform - Movement For A People's Party". August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
- ^ a b Metzger, Hannah (September 8, 2023). "Colorado Center Party becomes state's newest political party". coloradopolitics.com. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
- ^ Chiusano, Mark (February 1, 2019). "End of a Long era for NY Conservatives". Newsday. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "Oregon Peace Party becomes Progressive Party | Oregon Progressive Party". October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ Walker, Hunter (September 17, 2014). "American Separatists Are Thrilled About Scotland And Think It Will Lead To A 'Paradigm Shift'". Business Insider. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Finnegan, Michael (September 3, 2008). "Sarah Palin's ties to Alaskan Independence Party are played down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ "New centrist party forms in Utah to attract disaffected Republicans, Democrats". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ Coombs, Carlene (July 17, 2022). "Why confusion between registering as independent vs. unaffiliated might be causing this third party to grow". Deseret News. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
- ^ Penn, Ivan (October 30, 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
- ^ "Could Hawaii see another political party? Aloha Aina hopes to join the mix". www.kitv.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Brash, Jim (April 20, 2016). "Q & A with the Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota". The North Star. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Lind, Michael (December 3, 1995). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
- ^ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
- ^ Winger, Richard (March 28, 2021). "March 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
- ^ "American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Socialist Equality Party Raises its U.S. Profile: With a History as Left Wreckers and a 19th Century Program, a Group to Beware of". Socialism.com. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour Extra. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Alaska, Green Party of. "Green Party of Alaska". Green Party of Alaska. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ "Political Groups". elections.alaska.gov. Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
- ^ "This SFSU Calif. Secessionist is Newsom's most fascinating recall foe". June 21, 2021.
- ^ Featherly, Kevin (August 3, 2018). "Weed backer hopes to smoke competition in AG race". Minnesota Lawyer. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Van Berkel, Jessie (November 12, 2022). "One of Minnesota's marijuana parties loses major party status". Minnesota Star Tribune. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- ^ "Third Choice | Independence Party of New York | United States". Ipny. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
- ^ Fois, Bob (March 8, 2006). "Revisionist Politics". News Copy. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008 – via Wayback machine.
- ^ "Moderate Party | Rhode Island | onPolitix". November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Green Party of Rhode Island - ¡Este es tu partido! - This is your party!". www.rigreens.org. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ "Policy Endorsements". Independent Greens of Virginia. September 1, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
- ^ "Washington Progressive Party - About". waprogressiveparty.org. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- ^ Luce, Stephanie (July 28, 2017). "What Happens If We Win?". Jacobin.
- ^ Hounshell, Blake (June 7, 2022). "New Jersey Centrists Seek to Legalize Their Dream: The Moderate Party". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
- ^ "Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ a b "Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ "List of current mayors of Puerto Rico". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
- ^ a b Ramos, Tatiana Mena (October 13, 2020). "Which Political Parties are Competing for the Governorship of Puerto Rico?". BELatina. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ "Political Parties of Puerto Rico, Founded 1898 through 1945* | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
- ^ Viereck, Peter (1956). Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 87–95.
- ^ Gordon S. Wood (2009). Empire of liberty. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503914-6.
- ^ "Democratic-Republican Party". Encyclopædia Britannica. July 20, 1998. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.
- ^ Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780231056021. OCLC 906445960.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Anti-Masonic Movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
- ^ Ford, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; ed Paul L. "South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification". The Federalist (Ford).
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Further reading
edit- Nash, Howard P. Jr.; Schnapper, M. B. (1959). Third Parties in American Politics.
- Ness, Immanuel; Ciment, James (2000). The Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference. ISBN 0-7656-8020-3.