The Kailyard school is a proposed literary movement of Scottish fiction; kailyard works were published and were most popular roughly from 1880–1914. The term originated from literary critics who mostly disparaged the works said to be within the school; it was not a term of self-identification used by authors alleged to be within it. According to these critics, kailyard literature depicted an idealised version of rural Scottish life, and was typically unchallenging and sentimental.
Origin and etymology
editThe "Kailyard school" was first given that name in an article published April 1895 in the New Review[1] by J.H. Millar, though its editor William Ernest Henley was heavily implicated to have created the term.[2] The term was meant as a criticism that a certain group of Scottish authors offered an overly sentimental and idyllic representation of rural life,[3] but it was potentially more a gripe against the popularity of the authors.[4] The name derives from the Scots "kailyaird" or "kailyard", which means a small cabbage patch or kitchen garden, usually adjacent to a cottage;[5] but more famously from Ian Maclaren's 1894 book Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush whose title alludes to the Jacobite song "There grows a bonnie brier bush in our kailyard".[6]
Writers and works
editWriters who have been linked to the Kailyard school included J. M. Barrie, Ian Maclaren, J. J. Bell, George MacDonald, Gabriel Setoun, Robina F. Hardy and S. R. Crockett.
Works such as Barrie's Auld Licht Idylls (1888), A Window in Thrums (1889), and The Little Minister (1891); and Crockett's The Stickit Minister (1893) considered examples of the so called 'school'.[7]
Criticism came from certain branches of the English literary establishment including T. W. H. Crosland and from fellow Scots such as George Douglas Brown who aimed his 1901 novel The House with the Green Shutters explicitly against what he called "the sentimental slop"[8] of the Kailyard school. Much of Hugh MacDiarmid's work, and the Scottish Renaissance associated with him, was a reaction against Kailyardism.[9][10] Ian Carter has argued that the Kailyard school reflects a sentimental structure of feeling which has deep roots in Scottish literature and can be found in the works of Burns and Scott, and that the work of William Alexander and later Scottish Renaissance writers such as Lewis Grassic Gibbon can be seen as the assertion of a democratic structure of feeling which is in tension with it.[11]
Skepticism
editScottish literary criticism right up till the 1980s used the term. Since then, critics such as Andrew Nash have argued that it was a social construct rather than an actual literary movement.[12]
In literature
editJohn Ashbery references the school in his book of poems, April Galleons, his protagonist lamenting mildly that "nobody I know ever talks about the Kailyard School, at least not at the dinner parties I go to".[13]
Further reading
edit- Blake, George (1951), Barrie and the Kailyard School, Arthur Barker, London, ASIN B0000CHWNQ
- Campbell, Ian (1981), Kailyard: A New Assessment, Ramsay Head Press, ISBN 0-902859-67-6
- Carter, Ian R. (1982), review of "Kailyard" by Ian Campbell, in Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, p. 42, ISSN 0264-0856
- Harvie, Christopher (1982), Drumtochty Revisited: The Kailyard, in Lindsay, Maurice (ed.), The Scottish Review: Arts and Environment 27, August 1982, pp. 4 – 11, ISSN 0140-0894
- Nash, Andrew (2007), Kailyard and Scottish Literature, Brill/Rodopi, ISBN 9789042022034
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Millar, J.H. (1895). "The Literature of the Kailyard". The New Review.
- ^ Donaldson, Islay Murray (2016). The Life and Work of S.R.Crockett. Ayton Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 9781910601143.
- ^ D. Daiches ed., The Penguin Companion to Literature: 1 (1971) p. 288
- ^ I. Ousby ed., The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (1995) p. 503
- ^ Cuddon, J. A. (1977) A Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: André Deutsch; p. 343
- ^ Macdonald, A.M., ed. (1972) Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary. Edinburgh: Chambers; p. 716
- ^ D. Daiches ed., The Penguin Companion to Literature: 1 (1971) p. 288 and p. 126
- ^ D. Daiches ed., The Penguin Companion to Literature: 1 (1971) p. 157
- ^ Andrew Nash, Kailyard and Scottish Literature (2007) p. 15
- ^ Campbell, Ian (1981), Kailyard: A New Assessment, The Ramsay Head Press, Edinburgh
- ^ Carter, Ian R. (1982), review of "Kailyard: A New Assessment" by Ian Campbell, in Cencrastus No. 2, Spring 1982, p. 42, ISSN 0264-0856
- ^ Nash, Andrew (2007). Kailyard and Scottish Literature. Rodopi.
- ^ John Ashbery, Notes from the Air (2007) p. 27
External links
edit- Kailyard School (1886-1896), The Literary Encyclopedia
- Scots Word of the Season: Kailyard, Maggie Scott, Lecturer in English Language, University of Salford, published in The Bottle Imp ezine by the Association for Scottish Literary Studies.