1910 Genetics’ Post

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Congratulations to Drs. David Baker, Demis Hassabis, and John Jumper for winning The Nobel Prize in Chemistry! This marks the second Nobel Prize for AI in 2 days! At 1910, our work in large molecule AI drug discovery began with AI-driven protein structure prediction. In 2018, tools like Rosetta were able to predict the N-terminal to C-terminal backbone structure of proteins but sometimes, not with high enough resolution to predict the conformations of the unique side chain attached to each amino acid. Protein structures are defined by hydropathic interaction (HINT) networks on multiple scales. These networks are hydrophobic as well as electrostatic/hydrogen bonding, and include favorable and unfavorable elements. Three-dimensional (3D) hydropathic interaction maps calculated by HINT encode these networks on a residue-by-residue basis. Importantly, these HINT maps can be clustered – reducing thousands of residue environments into ~18 maps on average – each with a unique side chain conformation and set of interactions. Through a 2019 collaboration with Dr. Glen Kellogg of Virginia Commonwealth University, 1910 developed a methodology for processing all 20 amino acids, thereby generating 12,000,000 HINT maps, yielding > 4,000 unique backbone maps and >10,000 unique side chain maps for about 800 total chess squares. This dataset was an unprecedented collection of information-rich 3D maps that encoded the hydropathic interaction environments favored by each amino acid residue. We then built AI and ML models to leverage our proprietary HINT map dataset for a variety of applications including side chain prediction, homology modeling, 3D protein structure prediction, and de novo protein design. With AlphaFold2, predicting both the structure of protein backbones and amino acid side chain conformations became possible, thereby solving a holy grail problem that was intractable for decades. While our work in large molecule AI drug discovery had roots in the prediction of protein side chain conformations, it has since expanded to include de novo design and optimization of large molecule therapeutics such as traditional monoclonal antibodies, Fabs, VHHs, antibody-drug conjugates, etc. Congratulations to Drs. Baker, Hassabis and Jumper for their well-deserved Nobel Prize, and for showing yet again, the tremendous promise of AI to revolutionize drug discovery!

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