1. Query Caching: Implement caching for frequent queries to reduce load on the database. 2. Partitioning: Break down large tables into smaller, more manageable pieces to improve query performance. 3. Connection Pooling: Use connection pooling to manage database connections efficiently. 4. Load Balancing: Distribute the load across multiple servers to prevent any single server from becoming a bottleneck. 5. Database Sharding: Split your database into smaller, more manageable pieces, distributing the data across multiple databases. 6. Hardware Upgrades: Sometimes, upgrading the hardware can provide a significant performance boost. 7. Compression: Use data compression techniques to reduce the amount of data being read from and written to disk.