HFCL has invested heavily in designing new fibre systems for providers that make deployment more efficient. One such initiative was for Fibre Units, CFU, thin cables, easy to transport & deploy that are making house access so much more affordable.

Sites with fibre mixes are troublesome as there are issues with reliability of multi mode having 5 variations single mode provides quick connect and quick repair as replacements are quickly done and organized. Depends too on the required topology of the client as to the amount of time required, the numbers of fibres required for redundancy and most fibre systems are planned well before build to ensure the correct level of signal at the terminal equipment. Installing a PON system provides encryption, multiple signals on the fibres as well as reliability in working with less connections, splices etc.

*Optimization* 1. Simplify the design: Minimize components and complexity. 2. Use commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. 3. Select cost-effective materials (e.g., plastics, aluminum). 4. Optimize component placement and spacing. *Component Selection* 1. Choose lower-cost alternatives (e.g., acrylic instead of glass). 2. Consider used or refurbished components. 3. Negotiate with suppliers for discounts. 4. Use simulation tools to optimize component performance. *Design Tools and Software* 1. Utilize free or open-source software (e.g., OpticStudio, Zemax). 2. Leverage online resources and tutorials. 3. Collaborate with universities or research institutions. 4. Use cloud-based simulation platforms.

In optical fiber have a core and cladding all the signal transmitted through the core so core material is crucial to decide the losses and gain of optical fiber we can use new kind of dopping material in optical fiber for better gain.water in place of core is also be good options with ri 1.333

Working on an optical project with a tight budget requires optimization in all areas 1. Acquiring alternative products which can serve the purpose of the project 2. Use the best fit products for the project. Eg: Use a single core adsl for client installation instead of 4 core 3. Optimizing logistics. Something as obvious as transporting materials can cause delay and increase costs if not managed well 4. Optimizing Human Resources. Cutting down the number of hands to bare minimum and efficiently managing tasks can greatly help reduce excess costs 5. Cutting down redundancy such as slacks to the bare minimum can help with projects on a tight budget

Working on an optical project with a tight budget requires optimization in all areas 1. Acquiring alternative products which can serve the purpose of the project 2. Use the best fit products for the project. Eg: Use a single core adsl for client installation instead of 4 core 3. Optimizing logistics. Something as obvious as transporting materials can cause delay and increase costs if not managed well 4. Optimizing Human Resources. Cutting down the number of hands to bare minimum and efficiently managing tasks can greatly help reduce excess costs 5. Cutting down redundancy such as slacks to the bare minimum can help with projects on a tight budget

This is an open ended question. Are we talking about materials? Equipment? Single building, campus deployment, scalable? What is the use case or business problem to be resolved? If you are dealing with 100s to 1000s of fiber strands, it may be cheaper to buy unterminated fiber & then splice on ends w a fiber splicer. This will take more man hours, so use salaried workers to do this or make a financial assessment regarding productivity cost being lost by using hourly employees from other projects. Make sure a cost analysis shows that the savings on your fiber strands & the future potential use substantiates the cost of the fiber splicer & the ends. Only use fiber where speed needs, environment, or transmission distances make sense.

You got to have answers for below: Firstly you have to identify the use case, is it fronthaul/backhaul/FTTX Then what is the expected capacity for the nodes both terminal and aggregation What kind of technology we are going for to select the active part and design accordingly Last is passive part with all related OSP and ISP