How can you effectively measure and record structural data in the field?

The first step is missing: the identification of the structural element. It's not just about measuring a planar or a linear element, but about measuring the right one / knowing which one one is measuring. From my experience, I unfortunately have to say that a substantial number of geologists have difficulties with this.

I mostly work with ore deposits but the logic is valid in other contexts. What I think is important is to acquire and treat the data knowing that structural patterns tell a story. It means having in mind that multiple events can be telescoped. The ultimate objective is to tell a story that reflects the (at least) relative timing of events, and that is consistent at the micro to regional scales. Present day structure orientations frequently do not reflect the position at their time of formation (due to later tilting or other events), Understanding the relative timing and activity of the tectonic structures and associated geological units (intrusions, sediments, volcanics , hydrothermal overprint) is therefore a key point...and a challenge!

One can still observe structural data in the field through the repetition of beds, beds dipping towards (anticline) or away (syncline) from each other

Field Notebook: Maintain a field notebook to document observations, measurements, and sketches. Include details such as date, time, weather conditions, and any other relevant contextual information.

first step is study about regional structure geology and pick boundary main structure as field mapping with complex lithology and landslide data as comprehensive analysis, then second steps filed mapping 2nd and 3rd structure as complex analysis

Walking with open eyes ... Back and forth, as Earth's skin is like snake's. Then you will know where to scrutinize and what's worth to measure.

After many many days, weeks and months in the field I still find it a little challenging to say which measurement is the right one. Bias in (structural) data acquisition is a problem and damn it, I had to reclimb too many mountains because of this stupid asumption that I took the "right measurement".

In geology everything starts from observation - followed by description and identification of structural features. Once we know the type of structure, we can take necessary measurements. #Compass 🧭 is one of the device to measure structural data in the field. Example, for the fault, we can measure dip & strike information. Furthermore, it's very important to record all the measurements with appropriately prepared structural data collection sheet.

As technology and innovation advance, incorporating tools and equipment becomes pivotal in effectively measuring and recording structural data in the field. Utilizing instruments such as theodolites, total stations, and GPS ensures precision in capturing angles and distances, requiring a fundamental understanding of survey techniques. Incline measurement tools like inclinometers or clino rulers prove valuable for assessing slopes, while the integration of 3D laser scanning enhances detailed surface mapping. Thoroughly document findings in a field notebook, emphasizing clear notes and accurate sketches. Additionally, optimize efficiency by employing digital tools for data storage and analysis, streamlining the field-to-office workflow.

Before going for field work carry out some literature review of the area of interest see what has already been identified in terms of structures, it will also help to know what kind of structures you are likely to come across e.g beddings for sedimentary environments, folds in metamorphic environments, vents in a volcanic environment. From experience, I found a literature review to be very important as it gives you a headstart.

En efecto, usted debe seguir un procedimiento adecuado que le permita conseguir resultados confiables de las mediciones realizadas. Tomando el ejemplo de las mediciones lineales y planares con una brújula (Brunton), asegúrese de tomar seriamente en cuenta la declinación magnética del área o región donde se encuentra y haga la consecuente corrección en la brújula antes de proceder con la medición, preferiblemente en el campo, si no en la oficina, pero hágalo!, no lo olvide. Un mal paso al inicio, puede conducir luego a problemas mayores!; esta es la lección principal y cuídese de eso.

First and foremost before one ventures into the field, one needs a sound mind, passion and love of the task at hand. There is need as well to have correct PPE, geological hammer, magnetic pencil, hand lens, acid bottle filled with conc. HCL, a topographic map of the target area, water resistant field note books, a tablet with the right geological softwares, a pocket knife and lastly but not the least, the zeal and eager to face the challenges that lie ahead of the task at hand. Discussions with other other related experts who have worked in the same target area might be of great help. The key tools in my opinion are the measuring tape and the compass. With these two basic tools one can do and produce a good geological map.

I've been using ESRI Fieldmaps for the past 5 years, mapping as part of multiple teams on a number of projects. All data is collected and recorded on iPads with the app loaded, using a common map template. We set it up to allow measurements to be entered in one of 2 formats (Right hand rule or dip-dip azimuth) and that format is documented with the measurement. It is critical that all team members are familiar with the definitions (RHR - dips to the right as the observer is facing the feature along strike). I personally have found using Dip - Dip Azimuth format to be more consistent with mapping teams, same as for linear features. Knowing that all measurements are in consistent format makes structural analysis meaningful.

Every geologist has an individual way to approach an outcrop and structural measurements. Key is to keep an unbiased approach, do not discard structures that do not fit your objectives or appear irrelevant. It might be regretful when analyzing the data back at the office. It's always useful to plot the data in the field for geometric consistency and completeness of the recorded structural elements. A systematic procedure in structural measurements will help to avoid bias and missing out on some structural elements. Ensure that a statistically meaningful amount of measurements are recorded for each element and be aware of the error bar/ cut-off for a series of individual measurements.

Toujours se rassurer si l’effet déclinaison est tenu en compte en fonction que l'on soit au pole ou à l'équateur avant toute mesure pour assurer l'obtention des données structurales sensées.

I think, field mapping systematic of the travers along the lineament, or in the area for cuadrants. in the relation for fabric element, is very important plotear and stereographic projection more when we have date for faults is important make graphic of corte, after plot in maior plane represent of pitch if is normal o inverse.

Man muss die Deklination, sprich die Abweichung des geographischen zum magnetischen Nordpol in die Messungen einbeziehen bzw berücksichtigen.

Además medir las estrías en los planos de falla, para definir el movimiento, debido a que el movimiento no siempre es perpendicular al plano

The “first step” in any investigation (field or laboratory) is to determine what question(s) will be addressed. In order to decide the most effective and efficient method(s), one should become as familiar as possible with the area of interest and of any previous effort(s). Field work is expensive and, if a remote and/or challenging environment is involved, the opportunity for productive labor can be short lived. Logistics is key: all necessary equipment must be on hand, operational, and properly calibrated to ensure that measurements will be valid and accurate. Provisions must be made to keep any collected samples from contamination. Thorough and careful planning is essential to success. As Mary Poppins put it, “Well begun is half done.”

It is very important to compare the north the compass indicates with the grid axis you are using. I have seen compasses locally 40 degrees off the MGA94 grid in use. Start with a check bearing on a known line eg drillhole collars, and record the difference in field notes. Take check bearings when you can; you can see a strong variation across magnetite-bearing rocks. When you store dip/azimuth data in a database, local deviation must be stored also. Use separate fields for observed compass azimuth and azimuth corrected for local deviation. Compass readings from different teams must be identified in metadata generally by date and geologist name so differences in procedure or strike/azimuth convention can be reconciled.

3. Toujours préciser le sens du pendage lors de la prise des données. Ceci est capitale car la réalisation des coupes géologiques et des forages dépendent beaucoup plus de la valeur et du sens de pendage des plans. L'annotation à 5 (cinq) chiffre peut être recommandée dont les 03 (trois) premiers chiffrent représentent la valeur de la direction (0° à 180°) et les 02 (deux) derniers la valeur du pendage (0° à 90°), tout ceci suivie par le sens du pendage.

Die Übersetzung ist tlw falsch in diesem Abschnitt. Bsp.: Vierstellige/fünfstellige Zahl = es Zahlenpaar aus einer bis zu dreistelligen und einer zweistelligen Zahl. Der Streich = das Streichen Ausübungspreis(?) Und Dip = Streichen und Fallen Usw...

But don’t be put off if you haven’t learnt the correct nomenclature yet. Describe what you observe as best as you can. More is better. Take a photo or short video if you can. Use an appropriate scale.

Es recomendable tomar datos estructurales con la regla de la mano derecha. Y tomar estos datos de forma ordenada, inclinación y dirección de inclinación luego el plunge

- la nomenclatura a usar debe ser la que soporte el software de modelamiento y el query de la base de datos, luego se protocolariza.

Identifying Data Sources Identify organizations that provide information. Locate all the organizations that manage information essential to your enterprise. ... Identify tools and processes that are information sources. ... Determine how centralizing each piece of data affects the management of data.

To check the quality and reliability of your data, take a photo! Ensure you have a scale, and indicate north (say, the pencil or pen points north, or a compass is in the scene), and you can then refer to the photo later in the office and check your initial determination from the field.

- Getting a nice, fresh surface to measure strike and dip is good. - Make sure that any metallic materials are not around so that we avoid errors due to interference with the compass. - Make sure that we are not measuring structures on a rock mass that is moved; a good observation around the area and an understanding of the regional context will help to validate.

4. C'est ici donc que les connaissances géologiques issues de la revue de littérature entrent en jeux. Par exemple les auteurs ayant précédemment travaillé dans la même région peuvent avoir faire chronologie à trois phases de déformations et que vos données montrent le contraire. Il faut donc vérifier et confirmer si votre travail est une découverte et apporte un plus au données préexistantes.

- conciliar el error del GPS en terreno con algún punto geodésico o hito minero. - validación cruzada de la medición entre brújula y un clinómetro. - para el angulo de desvición del norte con respecto al norte magnético, eso se registra en cartas según la zona de estudio

As Brett Davis says, structural data is poorly stored in databases. It is important to analyse your data, which means you should write a report, and save the report somewhere. IF you don't write a report, did you really do more than collect some measurements? Explain what you saw, why the structures are important, and draw up a cartoon cross section (or a balanced structural section if you're brave).

The data collected in the field must be sectorized and analyzed separately and sectorally for a better understanding of the structural framework

Important to record all the data in a reproducible and correct format. Mostly a data collection sheet used for recording structural measurements. But, the use of digital tools like Mobile applications can improve our accuracy of data recording and consistency.

Im Gelände ist es oft nicht sinnvoll Daten digital zu erfassen. Bilder spiegeln nicht immer wieder, was man per Auge erkennt. Dies sollte man in Skizzen festhalten. Auch ist die Wetterbedingung ein Faktor bei der Nutzung elektronischer Geräte. Ein Notizbuch (wasserfest) ist für einen Feldgeologen unabdingbar um Gedanken und Erkenntnisse schnell und einfach festzuhalten.

Il existe des carnets adaptés aux variations des conditions météorologiques (pluies). Ces derniers peuvent être recommandés au détriment des appareils de récoltes de données numériques dont la prise des données est conditionnée par ces conditions. Une de retour du terrain, ces données peuvent être stockées dans une base de données dans un ordinateur pour le traitement.

Always get true measurements of geo-structures. Then create an analysis to produce interpreted large mineralized geo-structures noting the distance from known point(s).

If you hire a geologist to collect data, you should know that you are truly hiring him to do interpretation of the data. The best people to give reports are the ones who see and take measurements from the site. If you wanna just someone to click buttons and note measurements you are taking the risk of wrong data and misinterpretations to take over

Many people battle to visualise in 3D. Practice your 3D sketching as often as you can. A good picture sends a strong easily understood meaning. The more you sketch in 3D, the better you will get.

Es importante compartir datos con nomenclaturas y descripciones claras, que dejen poco a la interpretación personal. Lo importante de este punto es que teniendo claro el punto de vista del observador, es posible llegar a conclusiones más en linea con la data de campo.

Brunton Compass plays absolutely pivotal role in order to ascertain any calculation in structural geology be it Strike, Dip, Rake,Pitch, etc.

For Mining geologist especially those who deal with DD core, structure measurement is very important Now the measurement of structure on DD core can be done through different equipment depend on what kind of data you want whether (Dip,Dip direction), (alpha and beta) Some instruments used for DD core (Kenometer,Rocket launcher,protector and tap etc) Note Alpha and Better can be converted into Dip and Dip direction Important thing omeasuring of those DD structure you must have Orientation line, ideicate whether its top or bottom line measurement clear observable structure (veins,bedds,Foliation,plane,Joint,Fracturing, etc), refference core axis, tape measure. After obaining those structure its iportant to plot and store for other users

Identify effectively or correctly what type of structure you are looking at. Sometimes identifying different types of planer and linear structure in the on outcrop scale could be challenging so it is worth first identifying what type of structure we are looking for before taking structural data and measurements.

Actualmente, y sobre todo en faenas mineras con altos estándares de seguridad, no es posible realizar mediciones estructurales con el metodo tradicional de colocar la brujula sobre el plano o traza de dichas estructuras. Por lo cual, los datos no son precisos, ya que generalmente estos se proyectan hacia el pretil de seguridad, estimandose una medida de actitud mas aparente, que real de las estructuras. Ahora, existen metodos mas rapidos y mejores para la captura de datos estructurales; y esto es usando RPAS, realizando vuelos de alta definición hacia la pared de los bancos. Lo que hay que asegurar es que dicho vuelo en el post proceso, este bien referenciado; mapear sobre el levantamiento fotogrametrico y generar una base de datos.

It is important that you visualise the regional picture. Remember that smaller structures generally mimic the more regional ones. Try to see how the structure you are observing fits into the bigger picture

Earlier interpretation of structural features of a certain areas from a remote sensing data would greatly aid our imagination on the ground. In addition the orientation, pattern as well as the configuration of structures can be easily captured from remote sensing interpretation. The result of remote sensing interpretation could be used as a basis during field data collection.